光温敏核不育水稻异交结实潜力的研究

异交结实潜力是指不育系在保证有充足外源花粉供应的条件下的最高结实率、本研究表明，不同的水稻光温敏核不育系具有不同的异交结实潜力。异交结实潜力的高低受遗传、环境及遗传与环境互作的共同影响；环境对不育系异交结实潜力影响的主因是温度，其作用的敏感时期是异交籽粒灌浆充实的前期；不育系的异交结实潜力也是决定制种产量的重要因素之一。     

杂交水稻制种异交率的计算机模拟模型及其应用

通过定义杂交水稻制种花时全遇率,母本剩余容量和父母本异交配合函数等概念,将异交率分解为当天结实和剩余外露 柱结实,建立了异交率模型。     

Germplasm characterization of Sesbania accessions based on isozyme analyses

Twenty-two accessions belonging to seven species of Sesbania Scop. (S. emerus, S. exasperata, S. grandiflora, S. rostrata, S. sesban, S. tetrapteraand S. virgata), were evaluated in order to characterize the isozyme electrophoretic patterns and to estimate their genetic variability and outcrossing rates. Eight isozyme systems were used: acid phosphatase (ACP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), peroxidase (PRX) and catalase (CAT), with two gel/electrode buffers and distilled water as the extraction buffer. Cotyledons were chosen for enzyme extraction. The accessions were compared considering the presence/absence of bands for each system. A dendrogram was obtained using the Jaccard similarity index and the UPGMA clustering method, classifying the accessions into eight groups, evidencing both inter- and intraspecific variability. Annual species were classified in one major group separate from the perennials (S. grandiflora, S. sesban, S. virgata), which were allocated into two other main groups. S. virgata accessions (subgenus Daubentonia) were clearly separated from the other species. Isozyme banding patterns for the accessions are presented for each system. A high incidence of intraspecific monomorphism was observed. Interpretation in terms of loci and alleles was made for S. sesbanand S. virgataaccessions, which presented polymorphism for the systems PGI, GOT (S. sesban) and MDH (S. virgata). The average expected heterozygosity estimates varied from 0.0 to 0.231 for S. sesban and 0.0 to 0.20 for S. virgata. A mean number of 2.0 alleles per locus was observed for both species. Population multilocus outcrossing rate (t _m) of 0.62 was estimated for S. sesban, indicating a partial allogamy mode of reproduction. Individual families presented multilocus rates varying from 0.00 to 1.00, indicating both self-pollination and cross-pollination.     

Effectiveness of some management procedures for seed regeneration of plant genetic resources accessions

Procedures for seed regeneration of plant genetic resource accessions were investigated in terms of their effect on the variance effective population size and the probability that the initial allelic diversity is maintained after 10 and 20 cycles of regeneration. Four regeneration systems were compared: a bulk system (BL) where seeds are collected and treated in bulk, a partial sampling system (PS) where seeds are collected from not all, but some plants in the population with an equal number of offspring being raised from each sampled plant, a single seed system (SS) where accessions are regenerated so that each plant leaves one progeny, and the biparental mating system (BP) of Gale & Lawrence (1984) where plants are pollinated in pairs with one offspring being raised from each of the paired plants, or two offspring from one of the paired plants. It was shown that the relative efficiency of the four systems largely depends on the rate of selfing and that differences in the effective population size of the systems increase with increasing rates of selfing. The SS system gave by far the largest effective population size in regenerating the seed of moderately or highly selfing species. Although the BP system gave the largest effective size for outcrossing species, the SS system, when combined with selfing, gave a much larger effective size. The BL and PS systems were in no case the most effective. Of these two, PS system with a sampling fraction of 50% was as effective as BL, but less effective with a sampling fraction smaller than 50%. Calculations of the maintenance of the allelic diversity, however, revealed that differences between the systems are not appreciably large unless the accessions are regenerated over 10 or more cycles with 50 or fewer plants.     

Cross-fertilization behaviour of some white flowering varieties of Vicia faba

Summary Applying a special design for maximalization of cross-fertilization and using flower colour as a marker, considerable differences in the percentage of cross-fertilization between white flowering Vicia faba varieties were observed. Part of these differences were due to differences in beginning of flowering in white and coloured varieties, part of them proves to be independent of this and, therefore appear to be characteristic for the variety. Interaction between mother and father varieties was absent.     

A mechanism for inhibiting cross-fertilization in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Summary Natural out-crossing imposes considerable costs and inefficiencies in breeding, evaluation and commercialization of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). This note reports identification of a modification of floral morphology which inhibits cross-fertilization. Floral morphology and possible mechanisms of action of this character are discussed.On leave from International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Hyderabad, India.     

Estimation of outcrossing rate in landraces of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)

A study was undertaken to assess the amount of natural outbreeding in tetraploid wheat landraces of Ethiopian origin. The study consisted of two trials which were planted separately at two locations representing different environmental conditions for two consecutive seasons. The design employed was the randomized complete block with three replications. Two polymorphic loci, glume pubescence and awn condition were utilized as markers. The rate of outcrossing was based on the number of hybrids found in the recessive class of each marker. The overall level of outcrossing was higher in the pure stand trial than in the mixed stand trial. A higher rate of outcrossing occurred in the higher altitude area in the pure stand trial while the opposite was the case in the mixed stand trial. The average rate of outcrossing due to the marker loci was also different, with the long awn displaying more outbreeding tendency. Both locational and seasonal differences in the amount of outcrossing were observed. Generally, the study has revealed that there is a considerable amount of outbreeding in the landraces and that this genetic factor could play a role in preserving variation in the landrace populations. The level of outcrossing detected in this study could have a bearing on the maintenance of the genetic purity of diverse breeding lines being handled together in a breeding nursery and varietal purity in seed multiplication.     

早籼优质不育系95A的选育及应用

９５Ａ是以汕Ａ为母本，用自选的９５占为父本杂交转育而成的野败型优质杂交稻不育系。９５Ａ农艺性状好，抗性较强，不育性稳定，柱头发达外露率高，异交结实率高，易于繁殖制种。９５Ａ配组杂种优势大，优质性状遗传力强，杂种一代米质优。该不育系于１９９６年７月通过技术鉴定。     

5个新育成粳型光温敏核不育系开花及异交性能的研究

以5个新育成的粳型光温敏核不育系为材料,对其开花习性及异交性能进行了研究。结果表明:Y27S的单穗和单株开花历期最短,118S和对照N5088S相近,B30S、116S、117S相对较长。Y27S、116S、118S、117S单穗日开花动态与恢复系41678接近,B30S落后于41678,对照N5088S早于41678。Y27S、B30S和对照N5088S与恢复系41678的花时分布动态较接近;116S虽花时分散,但开花较早,午前花率较高;117S花时集中但开花较晚,118S花时分散且高峰偏迟。张颖时间以116S和118S最长,117S最短。柱头外露率以118S最高,116S最低;118S、B30S和117S柱头外露率都在60%以上。Y27S柱头活力保持时间最长,对照N5088S柱头活力下降最慢。参试不育系包颈率都较高,而闭颖率相对较低。     

Factors Influencing the Outcrossed Seed-Setting Obstacles of Photo-thermo Sensitive Genie Male Sterile Rice

Using photo-thermo sensitive genie male rice (PTGMS) Pei' ai 64S, W7415S, W6154S, N26S, Annong S, Nongken 58S, 7001S and 5088S as female parents and conventional indica lines 8258 and U89 as male parents, the factors affecting outcrossed seed-setting were analyzed. The PTGMS had obstacles in outcrossed seed setting influenced by inheritance and environment at varying degrees. Environmental temperature was regarded as the main factor that resulted in the outcrossed seed-setting obstacles. The sensitive stage was at the early stage of grain filling for outcrossed seed setting. There existed remarkable differences at the sensitivity stage, the duration of sensitive period, the sensitive level and the effective level of outcrossed seed-setting obstacles caused by environmental temperature among different PTGMS lines. Therefore, attention should be paid to outcrossed seed-setting obstacles in selection and utilization of PTGMS lines.