Effects of ammonium and inorganic carbon enrichment on growth and yield of a hydroponic tomato crop

Effects of varying the proportions of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ in the growth medium on seedling growth and tomato fruit yield (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Trust F1) were investigated in greenhouse hydroponic experiments. The presence of NH₄⁺ as the sole N source (11 mM) was toxic: it curtailed growth and decreased chlorophyll content of the leaves. However, at low concentration (10 % of total N), the presence of NH₄⁺, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), increased vegetative growth and fruit yield by ˜ 15 %, and enhanced taste/flavor of the fruits. In DIC‐enriched treatment, pH was maintained at 5.8 by addition of KHCO₃ or as CaCO₃. The presence of NH₄⁺, at 10 % of total N, inhibited NO₃^— uptake rates by ˜ 27 %. The rates of uptake of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ were comparable (13.3 and 14.2 mmol plant^—1 d^—1, respectively, in the presence of DIC, and 14.7 and 14.0 mmol plant^—1 d^—1, respectively, in the absence of DIC), despite such a large difference in their concentrations in the nutrient feed solution. A higher proportion of NH₄⁺ (up to 50 % of total N) had no further significant effect upon early vegetative growth, but in a long‐term experiment resulted in a high incidence of blossom end‐rot (BER) disease, thereby severely curtailing fruit yield. The presence of even 1.1 mM NH₄⁺ reduced Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ accumulation in the leaves as well as in fruits.     

天津大神堂牡蛎礁国家级海洋特别保护区水质分析

为了对天津大神堂牡蛎礁国家级海洋特别保护区进行水质环境分析,2012年4月、9月和2013年5月、9月分别对该特别保护区海域进行了4个航次的水质环境调查,并通过单项水质评价法、海水营养指数评价法、有机污染综合指数法等对该特别保护区海域的水质进行质量分析。调查数据表明,该保护区海水受无机氮污染严重,4个航次无机氮污染指数均大于1;海水营养指数分布范围为1．60～93．76,平均值为14．58,处于重度富营养状态;有机污染指数分布范围为0．96～6．58,平均值为2．76,处于3级轻度污染状态。结果表明,无机氮为该海域主要污染因子,富营养化及有机污染情况严重并呈增加趋势。目前保护区已经建立,但对于保护区的治理有待进一步开展,还需对该保护区进行长期的监测与科学研究。     

中国农耕区土壤有机质含量及其与酸碱度和容重关系

对我国农耕区土壤有机质区域变化及其与酸碱度和容重关系进行系统分析,为耕地地力提升和改善土壤结构提供支撑。基于国家级耕地长期定位监测点913个,统计分析全国及7大区域（东北NE、华北NC、西北NW、长江中游MYR、长三角YRD、华南SC、西南SW）耕层土壤有机质含量、酸碱度及容重变化特征。结果表明,全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量平均值为22.4~24.8 g/kg。其中有机质含量中等偏低的监测点位占比达72.5%。不同区域耕层土壤有机质含量差异显著（p<0.05）,MYR耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于其他6个区域。全国农耕区耕层土壤pH和容重平均分别为（6.90±1.20）,（1.30±0.15） g/cm³。不同土壤利用方式对土壤有机质、酸碱度及容重产生影响。水田耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于旱地,旱地耕层土壤pH和容重则显著高于水田。亚当斯方程和指数函数分别推荐拟合土壤容重对有机质含量响应关系（R²=0.09,RMSE=0.17,n=759）,以及土壤pH对土壤有机质含量响应（R²=0.16,RMSE=1.24,n=886）。全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量总体中等偏低,呈现出东南向西北依次降低趋势。土壤pH及容重与土壤有机质呈现显著的负相关关系。亚当斯模型及指数方程能较好地拟合土壤容重及pH对有机质的响应关系,可用于非线性插值法补充土壤容重及pH缺失值。     

辐射强迫对秃瓣杜英生长和光合生理的影响

[目的]通过对辐射强迫下亚热带典型树种秃瓣杜英幼苗的生长及光合生理的研究,初步探讨植物对于辐射强迫的生理响应及适应性机理,进而揭示辐射变化对亚热带森林树种的影响。[方法]试验设置3个处理水平,即对照组(100%自然光)、弱辐射强迫(39%自然光)、强辐射强迫(16%自然光),对秃瓣杜英不同时期的叶绿素相对含量、光合作用参数等进行测定,分析不同处理梯度对秃瓣杜英株高、地径、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数、光响应曲线参数的影响。[结果]不同处理下秃瓣杜英的地径生长量为:对照组弱辐射强迫组强辐射强迫组,株高生长量在处理前期为:强辐射强迫组弱辐射强迫组对照组,在处理后期无明显变化规律;叶绿素相对含量表现为:强辐射强迫强弱辐射强迫对照组,辐射强迫处理下,秃瓣杜英的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大净光合速率(Amax)均降低,强辐射强迫处理下,秃瓣杜英的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)显著小于对照组;表观光量子效率(AQY)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)变化规律不明显。[结论]综合来说,辐射强迫引起环境因子的变化,对秃瓣杜英的地径和株高生长量、叶绿素相对含量、光合生理参数有显著影响,但随着秃瓣杜英逐渐适应了这种变化,后期其对地径和株高增量的影响不显著,表明秃瓣杜英能一定程度上适应这种辐射强迫环境,在一定时期内生长正常。     

野生菊科绿肥的有机肥品质评价

为探明我国菊科绿肥的肥用价值,分析了39份采于海南等地的菊科绿肥种质矿质养分含量,进行有机肥分级。结果表明：菊科绿肥的含氮量为0.54%~4.17%（平均为2.01%）,含磷量为0.20 %~3.33%（平均为1.36%）,含钾量为0.69%~5.05%（平均为2.41%）;菊科绿肥均为三级以上有机肥,并且绝大多数为一级与二级有机肥,三级有机肥最少。表明菊科总体上是品质较高的有机肥。     

果园土壤污染生物修复研究

[目的]弄清土壤污染的生物修复作用机理。[方法]通过果园田间试验和土壤模拟试验,研究施用果树生物有机肥对果园土壤生物修复的作用。[结果]生物有机肥提高了根域土壤多酚氧化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶等酶的活力;促进了根域土壤对Pb2＋等重金属的钝化;增加了有益真菌、放线菌、细菌等活性菌的数量,降低了根腐病菌、疫腐病菌、白／紫纹羽病菌和线虫等有害生物的数量。[结论]该研究为生物有机肥在果树上的推广应用提供了依据,     

Foliar application of iron,zinc, and manganese nano-chelates improves physiological indicators and soybean yield under water deficit stress

Abstract

To investigate the effect of foliar application of nano-chelates of iron, zinc, and manganese subjected to different irrigation conditions on physiological traits, and yield of soybean (cultivar M9), a split plot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in two crop years (2016–2017). The main plot included four levels of irrigation (I): full irrigation (I ₁), irrigation withhold at flowering stage (I ₂), irrigation withhold at podding stage (I ₃), and irrigation withhold during the grain filling period (I ₄). Also, the subplot included eight levels of foliar application with Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe?+?Zn, Fe?+?Mn, Zn?+?Mn, Fe?+?Zn?+?Mn nano-chelates, and distilled water (control). The results of combined analysis of variance suggested that the effect of irrigation and foliar application of nano-chelate was significant on all traits. Water deficit stress significantly reduced the grain yield. The minimum numbers of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, 100-seed weight per plant, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll concentration, total dry weight of plant, and the grain yield were obtained by irrigation withhold at podding stage. Foliar application of combined nano-chelates increased the soybean resistance against water shortage more considerably than the separate consumption of these elements. Under drought stress in podding stage, the application of Fe?+?Zn led to the highest yield with a mean of 2613.84?kg ha^?1 where this increase was 61.1% higher than control.     

不同龄期果蝇DNA含量的检测与比较

[目的]测定8种果蝇不同龄期的DNA含量。[方法]从黑果蝇(Drosophila virilis)和黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的7个突变品系的幼虫Ⅰ龄、Ⅱ龄、Ⅲ龄、蛹、成虫提取总DNA。使用紫外可见分光光度计对提取的DNA含量进行测定,并对提取的DNA进行了PCR效果检测。[结果]8种果蝇Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄幼虫DNA含量递增,大部分蛹和成虫DNA含量递减;果蝇5个龄期提取DNA的PCR效果均很好,成虫最佳,幼虫次之。[结论]幼虫、蛹和成虫的DNA质量均可保证PCR扩增、分子克隆、物种鉴定等实验的开展。     

干旱区农田土壤水分地温变化规律及其相互关系

以干旱区农田灌溉后土壤水分、地温实测数据为基础,研究了其土壤水分、地温各自的变化规律及两者的相互关系.结果表明,各层含水量之间具有高相关性,基本达到了极显著的水平.这与土壤水分灌溉时由上而下的逐渐下渗,以及蒸发时由下而上的逐层上升有密切的关系.各层地温间的相关性大,除地面温度外,其余各层地温间的相关水平为显著或极显著水平,且相邻土层地温间均呈极显著相关.土壤水分及地温剖面垂直变化特征明显,并具有动态性.土壤水分含量大时,两者的垂直变异系数小,反之变异系数大.0～20 cm、地面(0 cm)分别为剖面含水量及地温变异强度的最大层,属中等变异强度.土壤水分及温度之间的负相关性明显.地面温度是预测表层、底层土壤水分的良好指标,利用回归分析法建立的土壤水分与地温间的函数关系可为推测土壤水分提供依据.     

玉米棒三叶光合性状对茎秆糖含量的影响

以YXD053和98A-04两个茎秆高糖自交系及Y6-1茎秆低糖自交系为材料,分析玉米棒三叶光合性状对玉米茎秆糖含量的影响。结果表明,3个自交系茎秆糖含量在雄穗始花期基本一致,雄穗始花后21 d茎秆糖含量差异最大。不同茎秆糖含量玉米自交系光合参数特征明显,与茎秆低糖自交系Y6-1相比,茎秆高糖自交系YXD053和98A-04光合速率有较长的高光合功能持续期,且在子粒发育后期有较高的光合速率。茎秆低糖自交系Y6-1胞间CO_2浓度及蒸腾速率高于茎秆高糖自交系YXD053和98A-04,气孔导度及叶面积对茎秆糖含量的影响在2个茎秆高糖自交系之间表现不一致。乳熟期棒三叶光合速率可作为茎秆糖含量的选择指标。