Yield and olive oil characteristics of a low-density orchard (cv. Cordovil) subjected to different irrigation regimes

The impact of different irrigation scheduling regimes on the quantity and quality of olive oil from a low-density olive grove in southern Portugal was assessed during the irrigation seasons of 2006 and 2007. Olive trees were subjected to one of the following treatments: A—full irrigation; B—sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) with 60% of ETc water applied with irrigation; C—regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with irrigation water applied at three critical phases: before flowering, at the beginning of pit hardening and before crop harvesting and D—rain-fed treatment. Olive oil yield was significantly higher than rain-fed conditions in 2006, an “on year” of significant rainfall during summer. No significant yield differences were observed in the following “off year”. Among the irrigated treatments, olive oil production of treatment B was 32.5% and 40.1% higher in 2006 and 2007, respectively than the fully irrigated treatment A, despite receiving 49% less irrigation water. Such strategy could allow for an efficient use of water in the region, of very limited available resources, and for modest but important oil yield increase. Nonetheless, on the “on year” of 2006 treatment C used 13.9% of the water applied to treatment B and produced only 23.9% less olive fruits which could also make it illegible as the next possible strategy to use for irrigating olive trees in the region, provided that water is secured latter in the summer, a period of vital importance for oil accumulation and very sensitive to water stress as the poor results of 2007 revealed. The different treatment water regimes did not impact on the chemical characteristics of olive oils that were within the set threshold limits. Similarly, the sensory characteristics of the olive oils as well as bitterness and pungency were negligible for all treatments allowing them to be assessed as of “superior quality”.Overall, irrigation treatments had no influence on the commercial value of produced oils, being all classified as “extra virgin”. Such funding may be of vital importance to farmers willing to further their irrigation area, save water and still retain the protected designation of origin (PDO) seal of quality for their oil.     

基于一维轻量化CNN的山地索道轴承故障诊断

为保证山地果园索道安全稳定运行,并在网络环境较差的山地果园实现对索道驱动系统轴承故障诊断,该研究提出了一种一维端对端轻量化CNN检测方法1D-MRL-CNN（one-dimensional mountain ropeways lightweight convolutional neural network ）,直接对采集到的一维振动信号进行检测。基于残差结构（residual structure）和深度可分离卷积（deep separable convolution）,引入BN（batch normalization）层,在保证检测精度的同时大幅度降低模型的参数量和复杂度,并提升鲁棒性和泛化能力,适用于索道的变负荷工作状态;采用改进stem block模块、h_swish激活函数并在主体模块最后一层添加通道注意力机制（squeeze and excitation, SE）,提高网络模型的特征提取能力。为了验证模型的综合性能、变负荷工况下的稳定性以及抗噪声干扰性能,利用帕德博恩（paderborn university, PU）和凯斯西储（case western reserve university, CWRU）数据集进行试验验证。PU数据集试验结果表明,该方法故障分类准确率达99.43%,相比同类最优网络分类准确率提高0.97个百分点;参数量为83.44 kB,分别是Resnet18、VGG16、MobileNetV3-large和ShuffleNetV1模型的2.19%、0.81%、2.84%和3.31%。CWRU数据集试验结果表明,该方法在变负荷工况下的平均准确率达96.70%,比Resnet18、WDCNN和MobileNetV3-large网络分别高9.1、4.7和10.5个百分点;在4种噪声工况下的平均识别准确率达99.14%,比Resnet18、WDCNN和MobileNetV3-large网络分别高4.74、1.24和5.51个百分点。最后通过自建数据集对模型的实际工况故障分类效果进行验证,1 400个样本中仅有2个故障样本预测错误,准确率达99.86%。本研究的网络模型参数量小、准确率高,在变负荷和有噪声的工况下鲁棒性较高,适用于山地果园运输索道的轴承故障检测。     

盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞Na+吸收及Na+/H+转运蛋白与H+-ATPase基因表达的研究

为从分子水平揭示宁夏枸杞钠的吸收积累机理,本试验采用原子吸收分光光度法和实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法,对盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞根中Na⁺、K⁺含量以及质膜和液泡膜Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白与H⁺-ATPase基因表达水平进行测定分析。结果表明,相同胁迫时间下,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,枸杞根系中Na⁺浓度总体呈缓慢增加趋势,K⁺含量呈先增加后减少趋势,Na⁺/K⁺比值呈先减少后增加趋势;编码质膜和液泡膜的Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白基因LbSOS1、LbNHX1以及液泡膜H⁺-ATPase基因LbVHA-C1表达量均呈升高趋势,质膜H⁺-ATPase基因LbHA1表达量呈先升高后降低趋势。相同NaCl处理浓度下,随着胁迫时间的延长,Na⁺含量总体呈增加趋势,K⁺含量呈先增加后减少趋势,Na⁺/K⁺比值呈增加趋势。LbSOS1、LbNHX1表达量总体呈先升高后降低趋势,LbVHA-C1、LbHA1表达量总体呈降低的趋势。相关性分析显示,不同胁迫时间下,枸杞根中LbSOS1、LbNHX1、LbVHA-C1和LbHA1表达量与Na⁺含量存在一定的正相关或负相关。上述结果表明,在低浓度NaCl胁迫时,维持枸杞体内较高的K⁺/Na⁺比值是宁夏枸杞耐盐的主要方式之一,同时也说明在胁迫初期,质膜和液泡膜的Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白与H⁺-ATPase参与了枸杞细胞中Na⁺及时排出胞外和区隔于液泡,从而保持了根细胞内Na⁺的稳定性。此外,随着胁迫时间的延长和NaCl处理浓度的增加,LbSOS1、LbNHX1、LbVHA-C1和LbHA1的表达水平均降低,而 Na⁺积累量大幅增加,致使枸杞抗盐性降低。本研究揭示了宁夏枸杞的耐盐机理,为利用宁夏枸杞改良宁夏大面积盐碱地提供了理论依据。     

Molecular Aspect of Al Tolerance in Crop Plants: Novel Al-Activated Malate Transporter Gene in Wheat Roots

Aluminum (Al) is a major element in the soil; 30–40% of arable land is acidic. Solubilized Al ion in acid soils inhibits root elongation. Intensive research on the Al tolerance mechanism has been conducted in the past few decades. Mechanism of Al tolerance can be classified into Al exclusion mechanism and intracellular tolerance mechanism. Efflux of organic acids from roots upon receiving the Al signal is the major Al exclusion mechanism. Efflux of organic acids through the channel in the plasma membrane was confirmed, and the gene specifically encoding malate transporter in Al-tolerant wheat was discovered recently. The regulatory mechanism in the efflux of organic acids upon protein phosphorylation may be operative. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their scavenging system are thought to be important in the intracellular tolerance mechanism.     

脚踏式高枝剪的研制及其TRIZ模型分析

高枝剪在果树修剪作业中具有较广的应用范围。为此,针对传统手握式高枝剪切断能力和操作等问题,设计试制了一种脚踏式高枝剪,主要由脚踏机构、传动机构和执行机构组成,依靠人体重力和腿的支撑提供压力,可切断较粗的枝条。通过与传统高枝剪效率和切断能力的对比试验,论证了脚踏式高枝剪具有切断较大直径枝条和适合较长时间连续作业的优点。针对试验中遇到的一些问题,利用TRIZ模型进行分析,探索进一步提升高枝剪性能的途径。     

Adaptive properties of Picea abies progenies are influenced by environmental signals during sexual reproduction

Summary Several independent tests have shown that climate and weather during sexual reproduction influence the adaptive properties of the Picea abies progenies. This phenomenon is expressed in seed orchards established by moving parent trees, propagated as grafts, from north to south, from high to low elevation, or from outdoor to indoor greenhouse conditions. The progenies exhibit delayed flushing in the spring, later growth cessation of leader shoots in the summer, delayed bud-set, higher frequency of lammas shoots and delayed development of frost hardiness in the autumn compared to progenies reproduced in the colder native environment. The altered performance is persistent. We have found no effect on progenies of photoperiod and temperature treatments given to the males during meiosis and pollen production. However, when crosses were made in early spring (March), inside a heated greenhouse (short day, high temperature), the progenies are less frost hardy during cold acclimation than progenies from identical crosses performed in late spring (May; long day high temperature) in the greenhouse. The most hardy offspring were from crosses performed under outdoor conditions in May (long day, low temperature). These results indicate that some stages in reproduction, such as female meiosis, pollen tube growth, syngamy and early embryo development, are sensitive to temperature and/or photoperiod which then alter the phenotypic performance of the offspring. The most likely explanation is the existence of a regulatory mechanism affecting the expression of genes controlling adaptive traits. If this is true, it must have implications for the genetic interpretation of provenance differences in Norway spruce.     

果园作业升降平台设计与剪叉分析

利用Autodesk Inventor三维软件设计了一款轮式果园作业升降平台,其针对新式果园(即果园)采用矮砧密植种植模式,株行距2m×4m,树高3.5~4m,枝展1.5m左右。此种果园将园艺与农机结合,易于机械化作业的实现。剪叉是升降动作的主体,其稳定性是着重考虑的因素之一,剪叉的静力学性能直接影响安全性,同时剪叉固有频率与工作频率相近会对稳定性有不利影响,因而进行了静力学强度校核与模态分析。结果显示:剪叉臂静力学强度符合要求,剪叉机构的固有频率从19.686~58.965Hz逐渐变大,后期发动机选用时应当参考此结果。     

一种果园挖坑施肥机结构设计

施肥是果树管理的关键作业环节,对果品质量、产量以及果树的生长起着至关重要的作用。我国的果树施肥机械化水平很低,现有的机械设备只能完成机械钻孔和人工辅助施肥,生产率低,劳动强度大。为此,设计了一种集钻孔、施肥、覆土于一体的果园施肥机械。该果园施肥机主要由齿轮箱总成、传动轴总成、覆土装置、排肥装置、钻孔装置和机架等部分组成。通过三维造型表明,该施肥机使用方便、机械化程度高,能够大大提高作业效率。     

枣园施肥机开沟器的设计与有限元分析

枣园开沟施肥是一项繁重的体力劳动,为了把果农从繁重的体力劳动中解放出来,设计了一种微型枣园施肥机的开沟器。开沟器采用双圆盘式,设计开沟深度为300mm,宽度为240mm。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对旋耕弯刀切削土壤的过程进行有限元分析,结果表明:在弯刀切削土壤的过程中,随着弯刀与土壤接触面积的不断增大,土壤逐渐被完全破坏并有跟随弯刀运动的趋势;弯刀切削土壤的最大等效应力主要集中在土壤与弯刀内侧的接触处,整个切削过程土壤最大等效应力的波动幅度不大,切削较为平稳。     

不同浓度赖氨酸对猪IEC碱性氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达的影响

本研究通过建立猪肠粘膜上皮细胞（Intestinal epithelial cells, IEC）原代培养的方法,研究了赖氨酸对体外培养的猪小肠粘膜上皮细胞碱性氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达的影响。用机械刮取初生仔猪小肠粘膜加胶原酶Ⅱ消化的方法,成功地在体外培养了新生仔猪IEC;分别用浓度为0.5 mM、2 mM、8 mM赖氨酸处理细胞96 h,提取细胞总RNA,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测了碱性氨基酸转运载体在不同处理细胞中的表达丰度。结果表明：高浓度的赖氨酸对CAT-1 mRNA的表达有上调作用,差异极显著(P<0.01),并且呈剂量依赖效应;不同浓度的赖氨酸对CAT-2 mRNA的表达影响不大,8 mM和2 mM赖氨酸组CAT-2 mRNA的表达丰度均有低于0.5 mM的趋势,但二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05);不同浓度的赖氨酸对y+LAT1 mRNA表达影响差异不显著(P>0.05);高浓度的赖氨酸可提高4F2hc mRNA的表达;0.5 mM和2 mM赖氨酸组4F2hc mRNA的表达丰度均低于8 mM,且差异显著(P<0.05);0.5 mM和2 mM赖氨酸组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。