A test for interaction between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and inanga (Galaxias maculatus) in an artificial stream

Abstract –  The interaction between brown trout ( Salmo trutta ; fork length (FL) range 255–390 mm) and inanga ( Galaxias maculatus ; FL range 55–115 mm) was tested during summer through autumn in an artificial stream consisting of a single run-riffle-pool sequence with a natural food supply. Each experimental trial lasted for 15 days, and consisted of two brown trout and 50 inanga collected fresh from a nearby stream, with each species given prior residence in four replicate tests, totalling eight trials in all. In addition, two control trials (each 10 days), with 50 inanga in each, were run. Brown trout almost exclusively occupied the pool, whereas inanga occupied all habitat types, although in different proportions, when tested with and without brown trout. The proportion of inanga in the pool was appreciably lower in the experimental trials with brown trout than in the control trials with no brown trout; prior residence had no significant effect on inanga habitat use. Mortality of inanga attributable to predation by brown trout ranged from 0 to 40% with a mean of 14.5 ± 4.7%. The results suggest that habitat use and survival of inanga populations in small streams can be adversely affected by brown trout.     

Imperfect Competition and Common Resource Exploitation—An Analysis of Renewable Resource Management with Non—use Values

This article analyzes the importance of non-use values in the management of natural resources with a model of imperfect competition.By constucting a framework of duopolistic exploiters.the incorporation of non-use values based on self-interest and altruistic motives appears to be significant for determining the degree of inefficiency caused by the problem of common property at the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium.It is found that when the non-use value placed by the altruist exploiter is bounded by that placed by the pure selfinterest exploiter,the effect of market power is dominated by the effect of common exploitation.In this case,the exploiters‘ harvesting strategy will response in the same direction to the change of each other‘s harvesting at the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium.In contrast,when the non-use value placed by the altruist is substantially larger or smaller than that placed by the self-interest exploiter,one exploiter‘s increase in harvesting will lead to a decrease in harvesting of the other exploiter at the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium.     

从土地覆盖变化看塔里木河中下游天然草地的退化

通过GIS技术和1990～2000年的TM影像图,分析了塔里木河中下游近10年的土地覆盖动态变化,结果显示:在塔里木河中下游地区,天然草地退化严重,高、中覆盖草地大幅减少,低覆盖草地的数量虽然增加但主要是流域河岸胡杨林群落退化后向荒漠灌丛草地演化的结果;而在自然环境更加恶劣的塔里木河下游地区,随着断流和地下水位的下降,天然草地正在向裸地和沙地演变。通过分析,提出了恢复塔里木河中下游天然草地的治理建议。     

我国价格体系改革趋势初探

本文以我国国民经济系统与河南省经济子系统的同构性为基础,利用河南省1987年投入产出表,计算出诺依曼最优生产强度和与之相应的最优价格,进而对照现行价格,提出了我国价格体系改革走向的基本构想,并对其合理性、可行性进行了初步研究。     

长距离输油气管道的工作压力

工作压力是油气管道设计中的一个重要部分,它对管道的技术经济条件影响很大,如何确定它非常重要.列出世界上一些陆上油气管道的主要技术参数,进一步阐明了油气管道工作压力的特点,即输油管道工作压力决定着管道的建设投资;一般情况下,输油管道的工作压力不宜太高;输气管道的最佳工作压力与管道建设投资及输气经营费用有关;一般情况下,最佳工作压力趋向高值.     

Some determinants of the spatio-temporal fire cycle in a mediterranean landscape (Corsica,France)

Based on recent needs to accurately understand fire regimes and post-fire vegetation resilience at a supra-level for carbon cycle studies, this article focusses on the coupled history of fire and vegetation pattern for 40 years on a fire-prone area in central Corsica (France). This area has been submitted since the beginning of the 20^th century to land abandonment and the remaining land management has been largely controlled by frequent fires. Our objectives were to rebuild vegetation and fire maps in order to determine the factors which have driven the spatial and temporal distribution of fires on the area, what were the feed backs on the vegetation dynamics, and the long-term consequences of this inter-relationship. The results show a stable but high frequency of small fires, coupled with forest expansion over the study period. The results particularly illustrate the spatial distribution of fires according to topography and vegetation, leading to a strong contrast between areas never burnt and areas which have been burnt up to 7 times. Fires, when occuring, affect on average 9 to 12% of the S, SE and SW facing slopes (compared to only 2 to 5% for the N facing slopes), spread recurrently over ridge tops, affect all the vegetation types but reburn preferentially shrublands and grasslands. As these fire-proning parameters have also been shown to decrease the regeneration capacity of forests, this study highlights the needs in spatial studies (both in terms of fire spread and vegetation dynamic) to accurately apprehend vegetation dynamic and functionning in fire-prone areas.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

木那格葡萄的组培快繁试验

以木那格葡萄的茎尖、单芽茎段为外植体，进行组培快繁试验。蛄果看出，适宜茎尖分化的培养基为B5 BA1．0mg／L IBA 0．1mg／L。适宜单芽茎段一次成苗生长的培养基为B3 BA0．05mg/L IBA0．2mg／L。适宜的生根培齐基为1／2MS IBA 0．2mg／L 蔗糖40g／L。健壮生根的试管苗要待4片叶以上移栽，移栽基质以蛭石较好。时间宜在4—5月份。     

稻象甲的防治指标和防治适期研究

根据稻象甲虫量与水稻产量的关系 ,结合现行的稻谷价格 ,产量水平和防治费用等因素 ,进行了稻象甲危害损失的测定 ,制定了稻象甲的防治指标。采用累积虫日作为防治指数 ,确定了在江西境内稻象甲的防治适期     

棉花调亏灌溉的生理基础研究

以盆栽棉花为材料,通过苗期和现蕾期不同程度的亏水处理(低、中、高三个水平),对调亏灌溉节水效应及生理机制进行了研究。结果表明:适时适度的水分亏缺可使植株旺盛的营养生长得以有效控制,株型和根冠比都更为理想。调亏期间,蒸腾速率和气孔导度都明显下降,而光合速率下降不明显,复水后光合速率和气孔导度明显恢复且接近或高于对照;此外,水分亏缺不仅影响棉桃的数量,而且影响单果重。表明适度的亏水处理可使水分利用效率明显提高,而经济产量接近或高于对照,同时节水20%以上。     

赤峰市松山区土地利用动态变化及其原因分析

以TM遥感资料为信息源 ,利用 3S技术手段 ,对内蒙古自治区赤峰市松山区 1987,1993,2 0 0 0年的土地利用变化进行了分析。结果表明 ,在不同年度内 ,其主要的土地利用类型为耕地、草地和林地。土地利用类型的总量变化也以这 3种土地利用类型和建设用地变化最大。而从年变化速率看 ,1987- 2 0 0 0年 ,以建设用地的增加和未利用土地类型的减少最为快速。从土地利用类型转化的方向看 ,以耕地、草地和林地相互之间的转化最为频繁。从土地利用类型的空间稳定性看 ,耕地的稳定性最高 ,其次为草地 ;而最不稳定的土地利用类型为未利用土地。利用相关分析所作的土地利用变化动因显示 ,该地区土地利用变化的驱动因素主要是社会与经济因素 ,其中以总人口、农业总产值、粮食作物产量总计、农牧民人均纯收入、化肥使用面积和化肥实物量等因子的作用最大 ,而自然因素对该地区土地利用变化的影响极小。