矿业发展的可持续性评价

根据可持续发展的内涵，结合矿业发展的特点和规律，建立了一套在“发展程度”、“发展效率”、“发展潜力”和“发展协调度”这4个准则下设涵盖经济、技术、资源与环境4大系统的34个具体指标组成的综合反映矿业发展态势的矿业可持续发展评价的指标体系。并相应建立了评价指标、准则和目标的模糊三级递阶综合评价模型，运用本模型对我国有色金属矿业发展的可持续性评价进行了实证研究。     

采煤废弃物对作物生长的影响

通过室内栽培试验,研究了煤矸石和粉煤灰作为培养基对作物生长的影响。结果表明:(1)粉煤灰物理性质不适于作物生长,对作物长势影响最大,在粉煤灰排放场不覆土直接种植作物不可取;(2)煤矸石和粉煤灰会对作物产生重金属污染,尤其是细颗粒煤矸石的污染最大;(3)充填采煤废弃物复垦应该保证足够的覆土厚度。     

露天金矿剥离物植被演替规律及植被恢复对策--以公别拉河流域为例

在外业调查基础上，对黑河地区公别拉流域内的露天金矿剥离物植被自然恢复和演替规律进行分析研究，发现植被恢复的速度受时间和剥离物组成共同影响，其中剥离物中土和沙砾比例是影响的主要因素。植被演替中优势种随时间变化而不同，前期以多肉植物为主，后期菊科植物成为优势种。针对植被演替规律和剥离物特性提出快速恢复植被相应对策。     

Hierarchical tree classifiers to find suitable sites for sandplain grasslands and heathlands on Martha’s Vineyard Island, Massachusetts

The grasslands and heathlands of Martha’s Vineyard Island, Massachusetts provide habitat for unusual, rare, and endangered species. Currently, these globally rare ecosystems exist as fragments on the southern coast of the island within a matrix of wooded, agricultural, and developed land. We used existing land cover patterns to train a hierarchical tree classifier model according to 10 biogeoclimatic and positional variables. This model was then used to predict suitable sites where grasslands and heathlands do not presently occur but could be efficiently established. The tree classifier model indicates that many sites compatible with sandplain grasslands currently contain agricultural lands, residential development, mowed grassland, and commercial development. Efficient establishment could be undertaken at locations buffering existing grasslands to increase their extent by 67% relative to current conditions and join isolated fragments. Sites compatible with heathlands also currently contain agriculture and residential development as well as later successional vegetation including maritime forests and pitch pine. Conversion of these sites to heathlands, as indicated by the model, would increase the current extent by 25% and increase average patch size. An adaptive management approach to grassland and heathland supplementation could be employed to validate the causal mechanisms between the predictor variables and the vegetative communities. Testing of the predictive accuracy of the Martha’s Vineyard Island tree classifier models at other coastal sites would also provide information on the true mechanisms responsible for distribution patterns.     

徐州矿区充填复垦场地作物重金属含量研究

为了了解矿区充填复垦土壤重金属污染状况和复垦场地主要作物的重金属含量情况,通过场地采样试验与室内检测相结合的方法,对不同作物不同部位的砷、镉、铬、汞、铅、铜和锌等重金属含量进行了测定,并进行了相关的分析和研究。结果表明:作物在生育阶段不同部位对不同元素的敏感性不同;复垦场地红豆幼苗受重金属的污染较轻,而小麦和水稻则较严重;复垦场地应改变耕作制度,种植红豆或者利用红豆充当先锋作物。     

荒漠戈壁区某煤矿矿井建设工程新增水土流失预测及防治对策

该煤矿井田面积46 km2,工程建设过程中将扰动损坏原地貌植被并产生弃土弃渣,可能形成煤矿塌陷区。经分析计算,煤矿建设过程中,损坏以天然稀疏草地为主体的水保设施面积85.86 hm2,产生弃土弃渣3.78×106t,煤矿塌陷区面积为540.24 hm2,煤矿建设新增土壤流失总量为22 667 t。根据水土流失预测结果,将水土流失防治区分为选煤厂工业场地及生活办公防治区等五个防治区,依据各自水土流失特点对位配置防治措施,达到工程建设与生态环境保护相协调的目的。     

神东矿区水土保持植物区系分析

[目的]对神东矿区植物区系进行分析,为充分利用当地的植物资源,实现神东矿区资源开发与生态环境建设和谐发展提供理论依据。[方法]利用植物区系分析法,以神东矿区作为一个独立的植物区系单元,对该区种子植物进行了调查统计,以科、属、种的现代地理分布为基础,对这3个层次的地理分布类型分别进行了统计分析,探讨该植物区系的基本特征和区系属性等问题。[结果](1)神东矿区共有植物53科,135属,217种。菊科植物种类最多(35种),其次是豆科植物26种,禾本科植物18种,蔷薇科植物14种,科内只含一种植物的科有21个;(2)神东矿区有草本植物159种,木本植物有52种,神东矿区生长的的植物多为中生和旱生,其中中生植物有62种,旱生植物有32种;(3)神东矿区高等植物类群在分类等级上都具有丰富、复杂、古老、特有4种特性。[结论]神东矿区生态系统较为脆弱,但该区的植物物种仍较为丰富。     

地表沉陷预测评价模式的灵敏度分析

针对矿区地表沉陷预测评价,以缓倾斜中硬煤层为例分析了概率积分法模式的稳定性。该模型有较好的稳定性,用于缓倾斜煤层的地表沉陷预测,可以满足预测的精度要求。在煤层的倾角、厚度、埋深及综合评价系数中,以综合评价系数的灵敏度最大,是主要控制参数。     

Use of the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the study of the partitioning of Cd, Pb and Zn in various soil samples

A slightly modified three-step sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) for analysis of sediments was successfully applied to soil samples. Contaminated soil samples from the lead and zinc mining area in the Mezica valley (Slovenia) and natural soils from a non-industrial area were analysed. The total concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn and their concentrations in fractions after extraction were determined by flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS, ETAAS). Total metal concentrations in natural soils ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 20 to 45 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 70 to 140 mg kg^-1 for Zn, while these concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 35 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 200 to 10000 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 140 to 1500 mg kg^-1 for Zn in soils from contaminated areas. The results of the partitioning study applying the slightly modified BCR three-step extraction procedure indicate that Cd, Pb and Zn in natural soils prevails mostly in sparingly soluble fractions. Cd in natural soils is bound mainly to Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides, Pb to organic matter, sulphides and silicates, while Zn is predominantly bound to silicates. In contaminated soils, Cd, Pb and Zn are distributed between the easily and sparingly soluble fractions. Due to the high total Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in contaminated soil close to the smelter, ! and their high proportions in the easily soluble fraction (80% of Cd, 50% of Pb and 70% of Zn), the soil around smelters represents an environmental hazard.