A Comparative Study of the Use of Organic Carbon and Loss on Ignition in Defining Tropical Organic Soil Materials

Organic soils or Histosols or peats as they are commonly referred to, are characterized by the presence of large amounts of organic soil materials (OSM), which is commonly quantified by the Walkley and Black (1934) (WB) method to determine the soil organic matter (SOM) using a correction factor of 1.724. SOM of Histosols is also identified through a combustion (loss on ignition, LOI) or elemental C-analysis (with a carbon-nitrogen-sulfur (CNS) analyzer with combustion and gas density detector). These methods were established using temperate and boreal peat deposits and here we demonstrate that tropical peat deposits require a modified approach. Typical SE-Asian tropical lowland peat pedons from rain forest and oil palm settings were sampled and the material analysed using a CNS analyzer, WB-C and LOI. The ratios for LOI:CNS-C for the 20 samples yielded values between 2.00–3.09 with a mean of 2.50 while the LOI:WB-C ratio yielded values from 1.75 to 2.58 with a mean of 1.94. A comparison of these values for topsoils and subsoils showed mean ratios (LOI:WB-C) of 1.94 and 1.89 for topsoils and subsoils, respectively. The forest samples had higher LOI:WB-C ratios than the subsoils from oil palm settings (1.94 vs 1.84). These values suggest that the standard factor of 1.724 to correct OSM to SOM for tropical soils is untenable. The values to convert CNS and WB-C values of tropical topsoils/subsoils to SOM or LOI should be 2.5 or 1.9, respectively. Our results indicate a significant difference in the soil organic carbon (SOC) of tropical lowland peats depending on the method used.     

Pine sawdust as stimulator of the microbial community in post-arable afforested soil

Sawdust and wood residues are considered to be stimulators of microbiological change in soil and could be used in post-arable sites designed for afforestation. In this study, we discuss changes in bacteria numbers within selected groups in relation to soil type (arable and forest) and method of sawdust application. Sawdust was spread along planting rows and mixed with the soil or put directly under roots of planted seedlings. Applying sawdust under the roots increased the number of cellulolytic bacteria in all experimental treatments. On post-arable soil, adding sawdust in rows increased the number of copiotrophic bacteria and reduced the number of fluorescent bacteria and actinomycetes (ACT). In control forest soils, the number of copiotrophic, oligotrophic and spore-forming bacteria decreased simultaneously with increased ACT in all treatments. The number of fluorescent bacteria increased when sawdust was applied on forest sites under planted trees and decreased when sawdust was spread in planting rows. Oligotrophic bacteria also decreased in the latter case. We present a list of bacteria identified by DNA – 16S rRNA gene sequences. Adding sawdust to arable soils significantly changed the quantitative and qualitative composition of microbial communities.     

Soil–atmosphere CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes in boreal forestry-drained peatlands

Greenhouse gas emissions from managed peatlands are annually reported to the UNFCCC. For the estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) balances on a country-wide basis, it is necessary to know how soil–atmosphere fluxes are associated with variables that are available for spatial upscaling. We measured momentary soil–atmosphere CO₂ (heterotrophic and total soil respiration), CH₄ and N₂O fluxes at 68 forestry-drained peatland sites in Finland over two growing seasons. We estimated annual CO₂ effluxes for the sites using site-specific temperature regressions and simulations in half-hourly time steps. Annual CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were interpolated from the measurements. We then tested how well climate and site variables derived from forest inventory results and weather statistics could be used to explain between-site variation in the annual fluxes. The estimated annual CO₂ effluxes ranged from 1165 to 4437 g m⁻² year⁻¹ (total soil respiration) and from 534 to 2455 g m⁻² year⁻¹ (heterotrophic soil respiration). Means of 95% confidence intervals were ±12% of total and ±22% of heterotrophic soil respiration. Estimated annual CO₂ efflux was strongly correlated with soil respiration at the reference temperature (10 °C) and with summer mean air temperature. Temperature sensitivity had little effect on the estimated annual fluxes. Models with tree stand stem volume, site type and summer mean air temperature as independent variables explained 56% of total and 57% of heterotrophic annual CO₂ effluxes. Adding summer mean water table depth to the models raised the explanatory power to 66% and 64% respectively. Most of the sites were small CH₄ sinks and N₂O sources. The interpolated annual CH₄ flux (range: −0.97 to 12.50 g m⁻² year⁻¹) was best explained by summer mean water table depth (r² = 64%) and rather weakly by tree stand stem volume (r² = 22%) and mire vegetation cover (r² = 15%). N₂O flux (range: −0.03 to 0.92 g m⁻² year⁻¹) was best explained by peat CN ratio (r² = 35%). Site type explained 13% of annual N₂O flux. We suggest that water table depth should be measured in national land-use inventories for improving the estimation of country-level GHG fluxes for peatlands.     

有机基质对番茄生长影响的研究

以草炭土(PS)、蚯蚓粪(ED)、牛粪(CM)做基质肥料,炉渣做基质,并加入蚯蚓(E),按肥料与炉渣2∶3的体积比组成8种有机基质配方,分别是:1 PS2、ED3、CM4、CM+20E5、ED∶CM=1∶1+20E6、ED∶CM=1∶1+10E7、ED∶CM=1∶2+20E8、PS∶ED∶CM=1∶1∶1,在光照室内利用盆栽试验研究了不同基质对番茄产量和品质的影响,以筛选利于番茄生长的优质基质。结果表明:番茄的产量处理5最高为304.63 g,其次是处理7、48、分别为146.151、40.401、36.45 g,再次是处理2、63、分别为126.511、20.019、1.17 g,最低是处理1为31.32 g;番茄的糖酸比以处理8最高为7.23,其次是处理5为6.73,再次是处理21、、67、4、分别为3.983、.71、3.66、3.63、2.79,最低是处理3为1.53。综上所述,最好的基质和肥料配方为处理5基质肥料比例1∶1的蚯蚓粪和牛粪并加入20条蚯蚓,能够满足番茄生长的需要。     

Relationship between tipburn and leaf mineral composition in strawberry

Malformation of emerging leaves with distortion of leaf tips, a condition known as tipburn, is frequently observed in strawberry. Calcium (Ca) deficiency has been considered the main cause of tipburn. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between leaf mineral composition and the incidence of tipburn in three short-day strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivars (‘Ventana’, ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Candonga’) submitted to different concentrations of Ca. The studies were conducted in a hydroponic system in a greenhouse. Calcium was added as Ca(NO₃)₂ at 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM and 5 mM. A completely randomized block design (4 Ca concentrations × 3 cultivars) with three replications was used. Each replicate consisted of 12 plants grown in a polyethylene bag (100 cm × 18 cm × 3 cm) filled with coconut peat. Crown diameter and tipburn incidence were evaluated throughout the experimental period, and at the end of the experiment leaf mineral composition was assessed. In general, plants with larger crown diameters had a greater incidence of tipburn. The ‘Candonga’ cultivar had the smallest incidence of tipburn, while the ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Ventana’ cultivars were more susceptible. There was no correlation between level of Ca applied and incidence of tipburn. The incidence of tipburn was associated with foliar K:Ca and K:Mg ratios. Ratios above 3.40 for K:Mg and 1.77 for K:Ca represented a risk of more than 50% of tipburn incidence, when overall means for all cultivars and levels of Ca were used.     

泥炭土改良铅锌矿渣下植物修复效果研究

针对铅锌矿渣物理结构差、毒性高、植物成活率低的问题,研究了湖南郴州资兴铅锌矿渣在泥炭土改良下的植物修复效果。以泡桐Paulownia fortunei、夹竹桃Nerium oleander和苎麻Boehmeria nivea为材料,在不同泥炭土浓度(梯度为:CK:0、A1:10%、A2:20%、A3:30%)改良铅锌渣下进行盆栽实验,测定了植物根、茎、叶生物量,根系构型指标、植物与矿渣铅锌含量、矿渣根际土壤pH值、有机质(OM)。研究结果如下:1)随改良剂浓度的增加,3种植物总生物量增量均呈现改良A3> A2> A1> CK的增长趋势,但各部位生物量增长有差异。2)3种植物总根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖都随改良剂浓度增加而增加显著(P <0.05),但根系构型有差异。3)3种植物体内Pb、Zn含量总体上都呈现侧根>主根>茎>叶的分布规律,其中0 夹竹桃>苎麻,Zn减少量排序苎麻>泡桐>夹竹桃。4)随着处理浓度增加,土壤有机质(OM)增加显著, pH降低显著(P <0.05),种植植物后OM含量和pH值增加显著(P <0.05),OM含量增加排序:苎麻>泡桐>夹竹桃,pH值增加排序:夹竹桃>泡桐>苎麻。5)从细根生长和土壤性质相关性来看,泡桐细根根长、体积、表面积、苎麻细根表面积都和根际OM相关性显著,泡桐细根体积、表面积、夹竹桃体积及根尖数和根际pH负相关显著,其他相关性强但不显著。6)3种植物Pb、Zn总累积量基本随着改良处理浓度增加而增加,但植物转移量系数有差异,泡桐和苎麻转移量系数总体上随改良处理浓度增加而增加,而夹竹桃转移量最优的处理为10%泥炭土。     

木本泥炭对红黄壤性水田土壤有机质提升和细菌群落组成的影响

通过工程措施开发新垦耕地是增加耕地面积的重要方法,这些新垦耕地的主要问题为土壤有机质(SOM)低下,而农田SOM培育是一个漫长的过程。本研究以新垦红黄壤性水田为研究对象,通过施用腐熟秸秆及与土壤腐殖质结构类似的木本泥炭,明确其快速提升SOM效应。此外,为了促进秸秆养分的快速转化,本研究进一步比较分析了3种商用激发剂的激发秸秆分解潜力,并采用16s高通量测序技术阐明其微生物机制。试验包含6个处理:对照(CK)、施用腐熟秸秆(S)、施用腐熟秸秆+木本泥炭(SP)、以及在SP基础上添加激发剂Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ(SPJ1、SPJ2、SPJ3)。结果表明,SP、SPJ1、SPJ2、SPJ3中的土壤有机质(SOM)、易氧化碳(EOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)分别比S或CK处理高12.1%～20.6%、29.9%～48.9%、50.8%～75.5%,微生物生物量碳(MBC)则为它们的10.5倍～16.1倍,导致MBC/MBN增加了5.1倍～12.4倍;土壤有效磷(Ava P)和团聚度在SPJ1、SPJ2、SPJ3间类似,并比SP、S、CK处理显著提高44.7%～63.6%、26.4%～43.6%,表明木本泥...     

尕海湿地泥炭土养分特征研究

采用实地取样与实验室测定分析相结合的方法,研究了甘肃尕海湿地泥炭土养分特征.结果表明:尕海湿地泥炭土有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的平均含量依次为302.04 g.kg-1、10.37 g.kg-1、0.81 g.kg-1和13.93g.kg-1,空间变异程度均属中等水平;随土层的加深,泥炭土有机质、全氮、全磷含量均呈现逐渐下降的趋势,而土壤全钾含量的变化呈现出先降低后升高的趋势;不同立地条件下,尕海湿地泥炭土有机质、全氮、全磷含量均值表现为阳坡<阴坡<坡间平缓地,全钾含量均值表现出与之相反的趋势;不同立地条件下的泥炭土养分含量大多属中等变异性,但阴坡泥炭土养分含量的变异程度一般要大于阳坡.     

草炭土生物复合肥料对菜心生长的影响

以菜心为试材,研究草炭土固定芽孢杆菌制成的生物复合肥对菜心生长的影响。结果表明:草炭土生物复合肥栽培中的菜心幼苗生长健壮,地上部分和地下部分的生长状况均优于其它处理,说明可将草炭土与生物有益菌进行固定化,形成优质的草炭土肥料应用于蔬菜育苗和生产中。     

园林废弃物堆肥对铅镉污染土壤的修复效果

为明确园林废弃物堆肥（GWC）对重金属污染土壤的修复效果,通过小白菜盆栽试验,向铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）污染土壤中分别按0（CK）、1%、3%、5%的施用量添加GWC和泥炭,研究不同单一/混合处理对土壤酶活性,Pb、Cd在土壤孔隙水中浓度和在土壤中赋存形态的影响,并探究小白菜地上部和根部Pb、Cd积累转运的关系。结果表明：各处理3%和5%的施用量显著提高了土壤酶活性,5%泥炭对提高脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性更显著,5% GWC对提高脲酶和磷酸酶活性更显著。土壤孔隙水Pb浓度在第1~7 d时随不同处理的施用量增多而降低;5% GWC及5%混施处理在第1 d时的Pb浓度与CK相比分别降低了78%和56%。不同处理中孔隙水Cd浓度在第1 d时均高于CK,其中5% GWC相比CK增加了70%;泥炭处理中Cd浓度随时间延长呈现先上升后下降的趋势。3%和5%处理下土壤酸溶态Pb、Cd显著减少,残渣态显著增加,植株地上部和根部Cd含量显著下降,富集系数和转运系数也相应降低,其中5%混合施用效果最显著。Pb含量在3%和5% GWC施用下显著上升。研究表明,单一、混合施用GWC及泥炭对土壤中Pb、Cd有显著的钝化效果,且泥炭对于降低植物体重金属积累的效果好于GWC。