胭脂萝卜新品种胭脂红3号的选育

胭脂红3 号是以不育系09S77A 为母本，以自交系0484B 为父本配制而成的胭脂萝卜一代杂种。播种至收获100～120 d（天），羽状裂叶，叶片绿色，叶柄及叶脉紫红色；肉质根短圆锥形，皮紫红色，肉深红色，横径7 cm 左右，纵径8 cm 左右，单根质量250 g 左右，色素含量17‰左右；每667 m² 产量1 800 kg 左右，适宜重庆地区作色素提取和泡菜加工品种栽培。     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Konkurrenzbedingungen auf die Entwicklung der Bestandesstruktur von Sommerraps

Investigations on the effect of competition on stand structure of spring oilseed rape
On the basis of a field experiment with spring oilseed rape, frequency distributions of plant dry matter and plant height were investigated. Samples were taken at four developmental stages: rosette, begin of flowering, end of flowering, ripeness (harvest). To understand the effect of competition in a plant population on frequency distribution, distance of rows (16 cm, 32 cm) and number of plants (60, 90 and 120 plants/m²) were varied. Differences in frequency distribution were estimated by skewness and kurtosis.
The results show that with age of the plant population the skewness of the plant character dry matter decreases from a high positive value till ripeness to a low positive value; kurtosis also decreases during development and tends to a value of 0 at ripeness. The effect of competition as produced by number of plants for area is mirrored by a positive skewness increasing with increasing number of plants per area. The value for kurtosis also increases with the stronger competition as consequence of plant density. Row distance did not show specific effects of frequency distribution. Plant height did, generally speaking, not react to competition.     

青萝卜种质资源主要农艺性状的表型评价

主要农艺性状的表型评价是青萝卜育种的重要依据。对48 份青萝卜种质资源的33 个主要农艺性状进行变异分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析，结果表明：9 个数量性状均有不同程度的变异，单株质量变异系数最大，为32.46%，叶宽变异系数最小，为14.67%；以肉质根为主的典型农艺性状间存在复杂的相关性，相关性极显著的有29 对，相关性显著的有8 对；从33 个农艺性状提取出9 个主成分，累计贡献率为78.937%，基本反映了青萝卜地上部和地下部重要农艺性状信息；在平方欧式距离系数为8.5 时，可将48 份供试青萝卜种质资源分为3 个组群，第Ⅰ组群包括33 份材料，主要特征是株高、开展度、叶长、叶宽和叶片数在3 组中最小，第Ⅱ组群包括14 份材料，主要特征为株型、叶片大小中等，第Ⅲ组群只有1份材料，其株高、开展度、单株质量和单根质量在3 组中最大。     

萝卜主要糖分含量的配合力分析

以大青皮萝卜(P1)、青萝卜(P2)、灯笼红(P3)、满堂红(P4)和浙大长(P5)5个萝卜自交系为试验材料,按照5×5完全双列杂交设计对其主要糖分进行配合力分析,筛选优良亲本和优势组合,同时对其主要遗传参数进行估算。试验结果表明:P2和P4的可溶性总糖、果糖和蔗糖的一般配合力高,为优良亲本;根据特殊配合力和反交效应筛选出5个最佳杂交组合分别为P4×P1、P2×P3和P5×P3;可溶性总糖、果糖和蔗糖的狭义遗传力分别为42.35%、46.23%和13.42%,可溶性总糖和果糖以基因加性效应为主,蔗糖受非加性效应影响大。     

不同有机肥对萝卜产质量和土壤肥力的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了鸡粪、猪粪和城市污泥不同用量对萝卜经济性状、产量和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:在施用等量氮磷钾肥的情况下,施鸡粪的萝卜经济产量最高,较施化肥的增产39.8％,对氮磷钾养分的吸收量也最大,氮磷钾吸收量较单施化肥的分别提高32.5％、40.2％、48.5％.随着有机肥用量的增加,施鸡粪、猪粪的萝卜经济产量、氮磷钾吸收量呈先升高后降低的趋势,而污泥处理则随施肥量增大而增大.土壤中全氮、全磷、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量随施肥量增加而增加,而全钾和速效钾含量变化规律不明显.     

萝卜淀粉酶活性的配合力分析及遗传参数的估计

以大青皮萝卜(P1)、青萝卜(P2)、灯笼红(P3)、满堂红(P4)和浙大长(P5)为杂交亲本,按5×5完全双列交配设计,对萝卜淀粉酶活性进行了配合力分析和遗传参数的估算。结果表明:亲本P3和P5的淀粉酶总活性一般配合力较高,分别为9.243和0.829,为优良亲本可直接利用;杂交组合P2×P4、P5×P3、P1×P2和P4×P5的总酶活性特殊配合力较高,分别为11.983,7.250,3.983和1.343,有增加淀粉酶活性的潜力。α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性和总酶活性狭义遗传力分别为23.85%、44.27%和38.47%,β-淀粉酶活性和总酶活性遗传力较高,可在早代开始选择;而α-淀粉酶活性遗传力较低,受周围环境影响大,可于晚期世代选择。     

叶用萝卜育种现状及发展趋势

综述了叶用萝卜的特点、营养成分及育种现状,阐述了叶用萝卜的育种特点及育种技术,提出应在充分挖掘我国叶用萝卜种质资源基础上,大量引进日本和中国台湾培育的叶用萝卜品种,以速生、优质、丰产、特异抗逆性强为目标性状,加快我国叶用萝卜育种进程,并应配合研究相应的栽培技术。     

高原露地萝卜新品种品比试验

在青海地区对引进的12个萝卜新品种进行露地品比试验,比较其地上部生长特性、肉质根性状、产量等性状,以期筛选出综合经济性状良好并适于西宁地区栽培的品种。结果表明:"雪月"、"元光"、"白美人"、"爽月"的综合性状表现较好且产量较高,可作为西宁地区露地萝卜种植的优良品种;"春美丽"的形状为圆球形,肉质颜色为玫红色,而且风味特别好,可作为当地高端市场或特菜种植。     

Sr胁迫对油菜幼苗抗氧化指标影响的研究

在石英砂和Hoagland营养液培养条件下,用浓度为0、10、20和40mmol/L的88Sr2+(88SrC l2)处理油菜幼苗(Brassica napus L.)(三叶期到六叶期),动态研究Sr胁迫对油菜幼苗抗氧化指标的影响,以及Sr2+积累量和富集能力的变化。结果表明,油菜幼苗对Sr2+表现出高富集能力,富集能力依次为:叶茎根,Sr2+浓度越高,富集能力越低。与对照相比,Sr2+胁迫下的油菜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量随Sr2+浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长呈先上升后下降趋势;过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则随富集Sr2+能力的提高而降低。因此得出结论,油菜幼苗对Sr胁迫具有较高的耐受能力和富集能力;叶片是最主要的富集器官;富集能力与POD,CAT活性显著负相关。     

Breeding Oilseed Crops for Improved Oil Quality

Abstract

Vegetable oils are one of the most valuable commodities in world trade. They are subject to specific quality requirements, both for food and non-food uses, there being a continuous demand for new oil types. Thus, plant breeders have made great efforts over the past four decades to develop those quality features demanded by the industry, mainly related to the fatty acid composition of the seed oil. Initially, breeders had to focus on the natural variation occurring within each oilseed crop and closely related species. From the 1970s onwards, the induction of mutations by treatment of seeds with mutagenizing agents was revealed as an effective system for modifying the fatty acid profile. In fact, mutagenesis has proved to be one of the most successful approaches for creating novel oil types. Nowadays, breeding for improved seed oil quality is in a transitional stage, both from a conceptual and a methodological point of view. First, the concept of oil quality is changing. It is not only defined by its fatty acid composition but also by other parameters, the most important being the triacylglycerol profile and the tocopherol content and composition. Second, molecular techniques for gene identification and manipulation are opening up new possibilities, much more powerful and less random than the traditional ones, for the modification of quality traits. In this review, we aim to offer an overview of seed oil quality as well as its genetic improvement by traditional and biotechnological means.