大孔树脂吸附-交联法固定脂肪酶

【目的】为基于大孔树脂吸附结合环氧交联剂交联法固定脂肪酶等工业用酶奠定基础。【方法】使用大孔树脂吸附,而后环氧交联剂交联的方法进行脂肪酶的固定化,研究各因素对吸附–交联固定化的影响,并采用响应面法对固定化条件进行优化,制备固定化酶并考察其稳定性。【结果】筛选出大孔树脂HPD750为载体,聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚为交联剂。最佳固定化条件为:吸附温度45℃,给酶量60 mg·g–1,交联温度30℃,交联时间12.5 h,pH6.36,交联剂体积分数为0.7%。由上述条件制备所得的固定化酶活力为565.31 U·g–1,酶活力回收率为32.16%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性均有明显提升;连续操作10次,固定化酶活力仍保留34.86%,操作稳定性较好;4℃条件下储存30 d,固定化酶活力仍保留64.81%。【结论】大孔树脂HPD750为载体,聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚为交联剂制备的固定化脂肪酶热稳定性、酸碱稳定性均得到显著提升,且具有良好的操作及储存稳定性。     

加拿大一枝黄花石油醚萃取物对福寿螺肝脏的影响

【目的】在前期研究的基础上深入探讨加拿大一枝黄花石油醚萃取物(petroleum ether extract of Solidago canadensis,PEEE)对福寿螺（Pomacea canaliculata）肝脏的影响,为进一步有效控制福寿螺对农业生产的危害、实现恶性外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花的资源化利用提供依据。【方法】以去氯自来水作为对照组,0.11、0.18和0.29 mg?mL ^-1的PEEE悬浮液作为试验组。每组随机放入大小、活力一致的成年福寿螺10只,用一层纱布和橡皮筋封住烧杯口,防止福寿螺逃逸。在室温(23—27℃)条件下,处理48 h,每组3次重复。48 h后,分别随机挑选去氯自来水、0.11、0.18和0.29 mg?mL ^-1浓度处理下的福寿螺,敲破螺壳,取出肝脏,使用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察肝脏组织的超微结构。经0.29 mg?mL ^-1浓度处理后的福寿螺肝脏组织冻干后用于代谢组学研究。 【结果】扫描电镜观察结果表明,经不同浓度的PEEE浸泡处理福寿螺48 h后,福寿螺肝脏表面均受到损伤,其损伤程度与PEEE处理液的浓度呈正相关,高浓度的PEEE可致使肝脏萎缩失去弹性,皱褶凸起被侵蚀,体表破损,出现絮状物,质地松散。透射电镜观察结果表明,经不同浓度的PEEE浸泡处理福寿螺48 h后,福寿螺肝细胞损伤明显,高浓度的PEEE使福寿螺肝细胞粗面内质网及线粒体数量减少,粗面内质网出现肿胀、断裂和颗粒脱落等现象;线粒体表现为肿胀,形状不规则。代谢组学的试验结果表明,经PEEE处理后,福寿螺肝脏中60种代谢物含量发生变化,多个代谢通路受到影响,富集程度最高的两条通路分别为糖鞘脂代谢和棕榈酰辅酶A进入线粒体基质的通路。【结论】加拿大一枝黄花的石油醚萃取物对福寿螺肝脏细胞结构和生理功能有巨大的损伤破坏作用,因而具有较强的灭螺活性,有望开发成为新型的天然灭螺药物。     

三氟化硼催化合成2,3,4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮新方法研究

以高沸程石油醚代替1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷为溶剂,对焦性没食子酸合成2,3,4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮的经典方法——三氟化硼催化法进行改进。在常温下快速搅拌和加热,使原料和溶剂体系由混悬液转变成棕色油状溶液,一定时间后瞬间产生大量黄色油性结晶产物沉淀,完成合成反应。采用正交试验法优化反应条件为:焦性没食子酸0.05 mol、对羟基苯甲酸用量0.055 mol、催化剂用量0.16 mol(20 mL)、反应温度110℃、反应时间1 h,在此条件下,2,3,4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮产率达83.24%,产品纯度为97.83%。该方法与传统方法的产率相近,生产过程中比1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷的毒性小、成本低,改进的合成反应还具有时间短、后处理简便、催化剂可回收等优点。对提纯到99.53%的产物,通过红外吸收光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱等方法进行鉴定和表征,确定了产物为2,3,4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮。     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

Sulfuric acid bleaching of kraft pulp III: reactivity of kraft pulping-resistant structures under acidic conditions

To investigate the bleaching mechanism, a lignincarbohydrate complex (LCC) model compound, a vinyl ether-type lignin model dimer, and a hexeneuronic acid model compound were treated with dilute sulfuric acid of different pHs. Beech kraft pulp and red pine kraft pulp were also treated with dilute sulfuric acid and then extracted with aqueous alkali. The amount of hexeneuronic acid degradation products in acid effluents and lignin dissolved in alkali effluents were determined. It was found that the benzyl ether-type LCC bond and the vinyl ether bond in lignin were effectively cleaved under the pH where sulfuric acid bleaching of kraft pulp was effective. Hexeneuronic acid group was also effectively degraded during sulfuric acid bleaching. In beech kraft pulp bleaching, both lignin removal and hexeneuronic acid removal contributed to the kappa number reduction. In red pine bleaching, the contribution of hexeneuronic acid removal was negligible, and most of the kappa number reduction was achieved by the lignin removal.Part of this report was presented at the 9th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Montreal, July 1997     

Relationship between resistance to vole browsing and content of ether extract in the bark of larch species and hybrids

We determined the survival rate of tree families produced by the intra- and interspecific crossing of larch species damaged by browsing of vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae Thomas) and the contents of ether extracts (EE) in their bark. The average survival ofLarix gmelini var.japonica Pilg. (L. gmelini)×L. gmelini (G×G) was highest, followed by the hybridL. gmelini×L. leptolepis Gordon (G×L). The families of the hybrid G×L, which is considered suitable for silviculture in Hokkaido, Japan, showed significant differences in survival rates, suggesting that it is possible to produce improved varieties of the hybrid which are more resistant to vole browsing. The EE contents of the bark were under strong hereditary control, and the rank of the EE content among the various families hardly fluctuated between the location of the test fields. The correlation coefficient between the survival rates and the EE contents was highly significant (r=0.89,n=24,p<0.01), indicating that the EE content in the bark may be used as a possible index of resistance or susceptibility to vole browsing in larch plantations. A part of this report was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society, at Sapporo, April, 1995.     

石油醚代替乙醚测定饲料粗脂肪的研究

本文比较了以石油醚和乙醚作提取剂,分别测定其饲料中粗脂肪的含量,二种提取剂测定结果差异不显著,石油醚代替乙醚作提取剂是完全可行的。     

New clues concerning pigment biosynthesis in green colored fiber provided by proteomics-based analysis

To separate the proteins related to pigment synthesis in green colored fiber (GCF), we performed a comparative proteomic analysis to identify the differentially expressed proteins between green cotton fiber and a white near-isogenic line (NIL). One differential spot identified as phenylocumaran benzylic ether redutase-like protein (PCBER) was expressed only in GCF, but was not found in white colored fiber (WCF) at any time points. Since PCBER was a key enzyme in lignans biosynthesis, total lignans were extracted from GCF and WCF and their content was determined by using a chromotropic acid spectrophotometric method. The results showed that total lignans content in GCF was significantly higher than that in WCF. The qPCR analysis for two PLR genes associated with lignans biosynthesis showed that the expression level of two genes was much higher in GCF than that in WCF at 24 and 27 days post anthesis (DPA), which may be responsible for the higher lignans content in GCF. Our study suggested that PCBER and lignans may be responsible for the color difference between GCF and WCF. Additionally, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) staining demonstrated that the pigment in GCF was not proanthocyanidins, and was different from that in brown colored fiber (BCF). This study provided new clues for uncovering the molecular mechanisms related to pigment biosynthesis in GCF.     

首乌藤不同部位有效成分含量考察

目的:考察并比较首乌藤嫩、中、老枝不同部位中主要有效成分二苯乙烯苷、大黄素、大黄素甲醚的含量。方法:采用加热回流提取法制备供试品,采用高效液相色谱法测定首乌藤中二苯乙烯苷、大黄素、大黄素甲醚的含量。结果:首乌藤嫩、中、老枝中二苯乙烯苷含量分别为0.016、0.147和0.516%,大黄素含量分别为0.112、0.116、0.235 mg/g,大黄素甲醚的含量分别为0.299、0.584、0.747 mg/g。结论:首乌藤不同部位中二苯乙烯苷、大黄素及大黄素甲醚含量有明显差异,老枝中的含量大于中枝与嫩枝。三种成分在首乌藤不同部位含量变化趋势一致。采收时应注意保留老、中枝部分。