Alkylresorcinol composition allows the differentiation of Triticum spp. having different degrees of ploidy

Total alkylresorcinol (AR) content and homologue composition were assessed in whole grain flours of 15 varieties each of bread wheat, durum, spelt, emmer, and einkorn grown in four different environments. Bread wheat (761 ± 92 μg/g DM) and spelt (743 ± 57 μg/g) belonging to the hexaploid species showed higher AR concentrations than the tetraploid durum (654 ± 48 μg/g, p < 0.05), while the concentrations found in the diploid einkorn (737 ± 91 μg/g) and the tetraploid emmer (697 ± 94 μg/g) did not significantly differ from the other species. The AR content showed a remarkable heritability and, thus, seemed to be mainly determined by genetic factors. If ARs were assumed to be deposited within a specific AR-rich layer of the kernel, AR levels of all varieties would easily surpass their minimal inhibitory concentrations against fungal pathogens within this barrier layer. Although the AR carrying a C21:0 side chain was the main homologue in all species, the levels of all AR homologues and their relative composition significantly differed between hexaploid (bread wheat and spelt), tetraploid (durum and emmer) and diploid (einkorn) species. Consequently, a clear-cut differentiation of Triticum species and derived whole grain flours according to their degrees of ploidy was established based on concentrations of saturated C₁₇-, C₁₉-, C₂₁-, C₂₃-, and C₂₅-substituted ARs.     

初始碱酸阶段摩尔比对脲醛树脂结构的影响

分别运用传统工艺及低起始甲醛与尿素的摩尔比( F/U)工艺,并进一步分别在酸性阶段降低反应的F/U摩尔比,进行脲醛树脂的合成。借助13 C￣NMR技术,对不同工艺条件下合成的脲醛树脂的最终结构进行了定量分析,并讨论了各反应阶段的F/U摩尔比对脲醛树脂( UF)最终结构的影响。结果表明：降低碱性阶段起始的F/U摩尔比,可有效地降低最终树脂结构中醚键的含量,其中,对直链型醚键的差异较小, Uron环含量的差异较大。通过在酸性阶段加入尿素,由于尿素中的游离氨基可与体系内的羟甲基发生反应,生成大量的亚甲基桥键,因此,在酸性阶段降低F/U摩尔比可以提高树脂最终结构中亚甲基桥键含量。     

纳米纤维素气凝胶的制备、表征及其性能研究

以纳米纤维素纤丝(NCFs)为原料,在四氯化锡的催化下与1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚(BDGE)发生交联反应制备了多孔的纳米纤维素气凝胶,采用扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪、X射线光电子能谱和全自动比表面积及物理吸附分析仪,对制备的纳米纤维素气凝胶的微观形貌、化学结构、晶型结构、热稳定性、表面元素及比表面积进行了表征,考察了纳米纤维素气凝胶的密度、溶剂吸收、形状恢复以及重复使用性能。结果表明:NCFs与BDGE发生了交联反应,制备的纳米纤维素气凝胶具有连续的多孔网络结构,其仍保持原来的纤维素I型结构,初始分解温度在300℃以上,m(BDGE)∶m(NCFs)为2∶1时,制备的气凝胶密度为0.020 2 mg/cm3,比表面积为25.6 m2/g,吸水倍数为36.5 g/g。气凝胶在水中5 s能迅速恢复其原来形状,在DMSO中20 s能恢复形状的90%,气凝胶重复使用5次,吸水倍数仍高达30.4 g/g。     

藏兽药蓝花侧金盏对兔螨的抑杀作用研究

目的:探讨藏兽药蓝花侧金盏对兔螨的抑杀作用。方法:应用体外培养杀螨实验,比较了蓝花侧金盏水提取物、甲醇提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物及石油醚提取物的杀螨活性,并对活性较强的提取物的毒力和治疗兔螨病效果进行了评价。结果:4种提取物中,乙酸乙酯提取物具有较强的体外杀螨活性,高剂量(500 mg/mL)在体外培养6 h内全部杀死螨虫,4种浓度(500、250、125和62.5 mg/mL)的半数致死时间分别为0.743、2.73、5.919和22.536 h,并且其能有效治疗兔螨病,总有效率为90%。结论:蓝花侧金盏乙酸乙酯提取物具有良好的杀兔螨活性。     

石油醚提取葡萄籽中原花色素工艺研究

[目的]研究石油醚提取葡萄籽中原花色素的最佳工艺。[方法]采用香草醛检测法,测定原花色素的吸光度,绘制标准曲线;正交试验优化石油醚提取原花色素的影响因素。[结果]正交试验得出的葡萄籽中原花色素石油醚浸取最佳条件为以浓度60%的石油醚为提取剂,料液比为1∶5 g/ml,在60℃下用索氏提取器回流1.5 h,此条件下葡萄籽中原花色素的提取率可达60.03 mg/g。[结论]可以利用石油醚提取葡萄籽中的原花色素,并有较好的提取效果。     

以家蚕为指示生物对石油醚和甲基硫醛锡毒性的试验

本试验用家蚕为指示生物来评价化学药品的毒性,通过对家蚕品种菁松×皓月和丰-×54A的幼虫添食石油醚和甲基硫醛锡的毒性试验,初步结果认为,石油醚对蚕有昏迷作用但并不直接影响其生长发育,但桑叶对其熏气后被破坏营养,从而影响蚕的正常生长发育;甲基硫醛锡具有较强的的毒性,其毒性不仅与浓度有关,还与添毒的时间长短有关即有累积毒性作用.产量高体质弱的春用杂交种菁松×皓月比体质强健的夏秋用杂交种丰一×54A更容易受影响.     

俄罗斯百脉根种质材料营养价值综合评价

本研究以里奥(Lotus corniculatus cv.Leo)、迈瑞伯(Lotus corniculatus cv.Mirabal)、佐治亚(Lotus corniculatus cv.Georgia)作为对照,对从俄罗斯引进的61份百脉根种质材料在西北绿洲进行种植试验,依据营养指标变异分析和灰色关联度法进行营养指标分析和综合评价。结果表明,粗蛋白变异最明显,变异系数最大,为13.569%;磷含量、钙含量和相对饲喂价值的变异明显,变异系数较大,分别为13.187%、12.044%、11.537%;酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维的变异系数分别为9.763%、8.559%、8.533%,变异较明显;干物质的变异最不明显,仅为0.609%。根据灰色关联度加权分析,其中Zxy08p-4687(γi=0.748)、Zxy09p-5647(γi=0.733)、Zxy09p-6485(γi=0.713),综合营养价值高;营养价值较高的百脉根材料有10份(0.604≤γi≤0.682),分别为Zxy08p-5070、Zxy09p-5583、Zxy08p-4892、Zxy09p-5642、Zxy06p-1775、Zxy09p-5591、Zxy08p-4916、Zxy09p-5809、Zxy08p-4645、Zxy09p-5694;营养价值中等的材料有27份及对照材料佐治亚(0.505≤γi≤0.587),占44.262%,包含Zxy09p-5591、Zxy08p-4768、Zxy08p-4589、Zxy06p-2666、Zxy06p-2663等;营养价值较差的材料有21份及对照材料迈瑞伯、里奥(0.423≤γi≤0.499),占34.426%,比如Zxy06p-2376、Zxy09p-6358、Zxy08p-5393、Zxy08p-4528、Zxy09p-6300等。     

1-苯基(甲基)-3-甲基-5-(4,6-二甲基-2-嘧啶基硫基)-4-吡唑甲醛肟醚(酯)类化合物的合成及生物活性

合成了未见文献报道的含硫醚键的吡唑肟醚（酯）类化合物18个，所有新化合物的结构经元 素分析、1H NMR、IR和MS确认。部分化合物经生物活性初筛表现出抗菌活性与除草活性。     

Purification and characterisation of a family of glutathione transferases with roles in herbicide detoxification in soybean (Glycine max L.); selective enhancement by herbicides and herbicide safeners

Glutathione transferases in soybean (GmGSTs) involved in herbicide detoxification in cell suspension cultures were purified by S-hexylglutathione affinity chromatography and resolved by a combination of HPLC and SDS-PAGE into 11 polypeptides. Analysis by Western blotting using antisera raised to three previously characterised tau (GmGSTU) class subunits demonstrated that five polypeptides were related to GmGSTU1, three to GmGSTU2, and one to Gm GSTU3. Plants contained a simpler profile of polypeptides, with a single GmGSTU2-like polypeptide predominating. With respect to herbicide detoxification, two GmGSTU2-related polypeptides dominated the activity toward the chloroacetanilide acetochlor, while an unclassified subunit was uniquely associated with the detoxification of diphenyl ethers (acifluorfen, fomesafen). The inducibility of the different GST subunits was determined in soybean plants exposed to photobleaching diphenyl ethers and the safeners naphthalic anhydride and dichlormid. GmGSTU3, a GmGSTU1-like polypeptide, and thiol (homoglutathione) content were induced by all chemical treatments, while two uncharacterised subunits were only induced in plants showing photobleaching.     

Saponins from Furcraea selloa var. marginata

Four steroidal saponins were isolated from the leaves of Furcraea selloa var. marginata. These included one furostanol saponin, furcreafurostatin (1), and three known spirostanol saponins, furcreastatin (3), yuccaloeside C (4) and cantalasaponin-1 (5). The 22-O-methyl ether (2) of furcreafurostatin (1) was also characterized. The structures were determined by using a combination of spectroscopic techniques.