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11.
Since caffeine possesses some well-unknown adverse effects,many attempts have been conducted to remove it from tea products,including selective extraction with different solvents,enzymatic degradation and inhibition the caffeine synthesis pathway.Reports showed that caffeine can be safely and efficiently removed from fresh tea leaves by hot water blanching,however this approach is not suitable for treating the rolled or dried leaves because of the unavoidable loss of catechins.Although microwave-enhanced vacuum ice water extraction can be used for decaffeination of dried tea,time consumption seems to be the main shortage of this method.Liquefied dimethyl ether might be used as another alternative solvent for selective extraction of caffeine from tea products because of its low toxicity and residum,but its decaffeination efficiency needs to be verified furthermore.It has been proved that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an effective approach for removing caffeine from different types of tea products,while the application of the technique is always limited as its expensive equipments and high running costs.Decaffeination with microbe incubation or enzymatic digestion is highly hopeful since many studies showed that some microorganisms can degrade the caffeine through induced demethylase and oxidase under gentle condition in some model systems,unfortunately,this approach is far away from application since security and quality of the decaffeinated products are rarely concerned.Low-caffeine tea products can be easily produced through normal manufacture by using the leaves harvested from some low-caffeine cultivars which are derived through genetic modification or conventional breeding,but these germplasms are very limited. 相似文献
12.
以莰烯醛肟与卤代物为原料经亲核取代反应合成了9个未见报道的莰烯醛O-取代肟类化合物,分别为2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-苄基肟(2a)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-丁基肟(2b)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氯丁基)肟(2c)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(3-溴苄基)肟(2d)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-叔丁基苄基)肟(2e)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氯苄基)肟(2f)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氰基苄基)肟(2g)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(2,6-二氯苄基)肟(2h)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(邻氟苄基)肟(2i)。利用FT-IR、GC-MS、1H NMR以及13C NMR对产物结构进行了表征。以化合物2a为例,探索了不同工艺条件对产物得率的影响,在甲苯为溶剂,n(莰烯醛肟)∶n(氯化苄)∶n(四丁基溴化铵)为1.0∶1.8∶0.08,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为20 h的最佳工艺条件下,产物的得率为84.1%。通过体外抗肿瘤活性测试,探讨了化合物2a^2i对肝癌细胞HepG2和人乳腺癌细胞MCF7的抑制作用,结果表明:化合物2b对HepG2细胞的抑制作用较好,其半数抑制浓度(IC 50)值为36.3μmol/L;化合物2d、2h、2i对MCF7有一定的抑制作用,其中化合物2h对MCF7的抑制作用较好,其IC50值为19.2μmol/L。 相似文献
13.
为探究国产柚木抽提物对心材和边材颜色差异的影响,采用3种沸程的石油醚溶液分别对国产柚木的心材与边材进行抽提处理,利用气相色谱-质谱法分析抽提液的成分和含量,并以差异较大的抽提物溶液处理柚木边材,通过色度学参数表征柚木边材的变色情况,从而验证影响柚木心材和边材颜色的主要抽提物成分。结果表明:在3种沸程的石油醚抽提液中,柚木心材抽提物在成分种类数量和含量上均显著高于边材;不同沸程的石油醚对柚木心、边材中抽提物成分有一定的影响,其中30~60℃(低沸程)和60~90℃(中沸程)石油醚抽提物成分和含量的差异较小,而90~120℃(高沸程)石油醚抽提物的含量较高,约为中、低沸程抽提物含量的2倍;柚木心材抽提液中酚类、醌类、烯烃类物质的含量较多,但这些物质在边材中含量极低;4-叔丁基-2-苯基苯酚、2-甲基蒽醌(柚木醌)、全反式三十碳六烯(角鲨烯)是柚木心、边材抽提物含量差异最明显的物质。经角鲨烯溶液处理后的柚木边材表面颜色变黄,更接近心材颜色,因此,角鲨烯是导致柚木心边材颜色差异的重要抽提物成分。 相似文献
14.
15.
Lucroy MD Long KR Blaik MA Higbee RG Ridgway TD 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(5):727-729
Three dogs and 1 cat with intranasal tumors were treated with pyropheophorbide-a-hexyl ether-based photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT was well tolerated by all the animals, and no adverse effects from photosensitizer injection, such as cutaneous photosensitization, were observed. Facial swelling was observed in all animals after each PDT treatment but resolved spontaneously within 72 hours after treatment. All animals had a decrease in severity of epistaxis, frequency of sneezing, and amount of nasal discharge after PDT. Clinical signs were controlled for variable time, although long-term responses were comparable with radiation therapy in 2 animals. This small case series demonstrates another application for PDT in veterinary medicine. On the basis of these findings. further studies are warranted to define the role of PDT in the management of intranasal tumors in dogs and cats. 相似文献
16.
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18.
以氯代十六烷和兴安落叶松提取的阿拉伯半乳聚糖(AG)为反应物,二甲亚砜为溶剂,氢氧化钠为催化剂,通过威廉森合成法制得阿拉伯半乳聚糖十六烷基醚(HEAG),探讨了时间、温度和氯代十六烷与AG的反应物配比对合成反应的影响。实验结果表明,合成时间30min、温度25℃和反应物配比为0.3:1(mL:g)时,HEAG平均取代度为0.212mmol/g,产率为65.56%。经表面张力和脂溶性的测试,表明HEAG的脂溶性比AG高,在非极性溶剂正己烷和石油醚中的溶解度分别增加了30.66%和21.95%;在极性较大的溶剂氯仿和水中溶解度分别降低了60.90%和44.24%。在水中HEAG溶解度为6.70g。 相似文献
19.
Takeshi Katayama Jyoji Tsutsui Kazuo Tsueda Takao Miki Yasuhiro Yamada Murao Sogo 《Journal of Wood Science》2000,46(6):458-465
When (±)--oxo-guaiacylglycerol--(vanillic acid) ether (1) is degraded byFusarium solani M-13-1, the-ketone is initially reduced to giveerythro andthreo guaiacylglycerol--(vanillic acid) ethers (2), arylglycerol--aryl ethers, both of which are enantiomerically pure. The absolute configuration in each2 was determined by Mosher's method; the products were converted to,-di-(R)--methoxy--trifluoromethylphenylacetates (MTPA esters) (3) oferythro (-)- andthreo (+)-veratrylglycerol--(methyl vanillate) ethers (3), whose1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were examined and compared with those of four di-(R)-MTPA ester (3) diastereomers from chemically synthesizederythro (±)-3 andthreo (±)-3. To assign the- and-MTPA-OCH3 peaks, the1H NMR scans of several compounds that have substructures of 3 and their 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl analogues were examined. When a racemic alcohol reacts with (R)-MTPA to give a pair of (R)-MTPA ester diastereomers, the value was defined as the absolute value of the difference in the1H chemical shifts of the peak between the diastereomers. It was found that the values of-MTPA-OCH3 were larger than those of-MTPA-OCH3 owing to a shielding effect of the veratryl ring located on the-MTPA-OCH3, and that the-MTPA-OCH3 peaks in the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl compounds shifted downfield relative to those in the veratryl compounds. On the basis of the1h NMR data of (R)-MTPA esters, the absolute configuration of the four chemically prepared diastereomers (3) were determined. The catabolicerythro
3 [fromerythro (-)-3] andthreo
3 [fromthreo (+)-3] were identical to (R, S, R)-erythro
3 and (R, S, S)- threo
3, respectively. An hydrogen species in the fungal reduction would attack the-ketone fromre-face of both (R)-1 and (S)-1, givingerythro (S, R)-2 andthreo (S, S)-2, respectively.Part of this paper was presented at the 33rd Lignin Symposium, Tsukuba, November 1988 相似文献
20.
Anna Kakehashi Akihiro Hagiwara Norio Imai Min Wei Shoji Fukushima Hideki Wanibuchi 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2015,28(1):27-32
In the present study, in continuation of our previous experiment in order to investigate the mode of action (MOA) of ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) hepatotumorigenicity in rats, we aimed to examine alterations in cell proliferation, that are induced by short-term administration of ETBE. F344 rats were administered ETBE at doses of 0, and 1,000 mg/kg body weight twice a day by gavage for 3, 10, 17 and 28 days. It was found that the previously observed significant increase of P450 total content and hydroxyl radical levels after 7 days of ETBE administration, and 8-OHdG formation at day 14, accompanied by accumulation of CYP2B1/2B2, CYP3A1/3A2, CYP2C6, CYP2E1 and CYP1A1 and downregulation of DNA oxoguanine glycosylase 1, was preceded by induction of cell proliferation at day 3. Furthermore, we observed an increase in regenerative cell proliferation as a result of ETBE treatment at day 28, followed by induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by day 14. These results indicated that short-term administration of ETBE led to a significant early increase in cell proliferation activity associated with induction of oxidative stress, and to a regenerative cell proliferation as an adaptive response, which could contribute to the hepatotumorigenicity of ETBE in rats. 相似文献