江西省矿山水土流失及其防治对策

本文论述了江西省矿山水土流失的现状、危害及防治对策。指出:各级领导和主管部门,必须进一步建立健全矿山开采的管理制度和法规,严格按照《水土保持工作条例》办事,强化水土保持监督手段,防治矿山水土流失。     

沙地生态脆弱区矿井水资源灌溉适宜性评价

利用矿井水进行生态灌溉,可实现煤炭开采、矿井水资源利用及矿区生态修复相互协调发展,矿井水含多种污染物,灌溉前需进行灌溉适宜性评价。以沙地生态脆弱区敏东一矿为研究区,采集地表水、地下水及矿井水水样,分析其水质特征,在此基础上利用盐度危害性(S)、碱危害性(SAR)、可溶性钠含量(SSP)、渗透性指数(PI)与重金属污染指数(HPI)进行多源矿井水资源评价,最后利用极限条件法确定其灌溉适宜性。研究结果表明:研究区17组水样阳离子均以Na;为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,直接充水水源及矿井水中Fe、Mn、Zn、As、Pb五种重金属质量浓度较高。直接充水水源、采空区、工作面、巷道和水仓水样的SAR(13.29~32.40)和SSP(91.13~97.26),及矿井水样的HPI(150.43~448.81)不符合生态灌溉要求,而所有水样的S(0.76~32.4)和PI(53.33~136.36)均符合生态灌溉要求。根据极限条件法则,研究区间接充水水源可直接进行生态灌溉,而直接充水水源和矿井水受地层矿物溶滤及采煤活动的影响,不可直接用于生态灌溉。     

露天矿大型排土场水蚀特征及其植被控制效果研究--以安太堡露天煤矿南排土场为例

以山西省平朔露天煤矿安太堡矿南排土场1993～2002年径流小区定位观测为基础,对排土场未复垦、复垦种植2年、复垦种植10年等3个阶段产流产沙特征及其植被措施的减流减沙效果进行分析,初步建立了小区暴雨-产流-产沙经验模型,比较了不同植被及其配置模式的减流减沙效果,并提出了适合的植被与改进措施。     

我国主要有色金属矿区周边农田土壤酶活性及影响因素

为明确我国主要有色金属矿区周边农田的重金属污染情况，并探究此类农田中土壤酶活性及其主要影响因子，以我国18个省份共计29个采样点的农田为研究对象，分析了我国有色金属矿区周边农田的土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性和重金属含量与酶活性的相关性。结果表明：我国不同采样点农田的土壤酶活性之间差异显著，3种酶活性整体表现为：β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶<脲酶<酸性磷酸酶。相关性分析显示，β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶活性与土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）显著正相关（P＜0.01）；脲酶活性与WSOC显著正相关（P＜0.05）；酸性磷酸酶活性与WSOC极显著正相关（P＜0.01），与土壤含水率（SMC）、总磷（TP）显著正相关（P＜0.05）。冗余分析结果显示，这3种土壤酶活性的主要影响因子的排序为WSOC>TP>SMC>AP>TN>AK>pH>TK。研究表明，WSOC、TP和SMC是我国主要有色金属矿区周边农田土壤酶活性的主要影响因子。     

Using rainfall simulation to guide planning and management of rehabilitated areas: Part II. Computer simulations using parameters from rainfall simulation

This paper reports computer simulations carried out using data from a rainfall simulator study on a steeply sloping revegetated area (a soundbund) at the NorthParkes Mine, near Parkes in New South Wales, Australia. Simulations of slope stability used a combination of daily time‐step models to consider soil water balances and runoff, growth of grass/legume pasture and soil erosion. Simulations indicated that long‐term erosion rates on the soundbund would be low (1·01–1·27 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) due to low runoff rates and good vegetative cover. The simulations highlighted that peak vegetative growth occurred prior to the period of peak erosion hazard, with carry‐over dry matter being crucial for erosion control during the period of peak rainfall erosivity. This, in turn, indicated that grazing during the periods of peak growth and peak erosion hazard should be avoided (to avoid loss of dry matter). It also indicated that there was value in establishing grass species that would give greater growth during summer months, and that may produce dry matter that is more persistent through time. Simulations of stormwater flows in channels draining various lifts on the soundbund compared a range of alternatives with respect to channel length, gradient and roughness. The simulations indicated little effect of channel length on peak flow rates or depths once channel lengths exceeded 250 m and also showed little effect of vegetative roughness on peak flow rates or depths once Manning's n values exceeded 0·05. Implications of these results for design of drainage channels and drop structures on the soundbund are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Growth and nutrition of Holcus lanatus in bauxite residue amended with combinations of spent mushroom compost and gypsum

Bauxite residues are very slow to naturally vegetate due to nutrient deficiency and high sodicity. In order to test the effectiveness of amendments at promoting revegetation, bauxite residue was amended with varying rates of compost to increase fertility (0, 60, 80 and 120 t ha⁻¹) and gypsum to reduce sodicity (0, 40 and 90 t ha⁻¹). Amended residue was sown with Holcus lanatus, a perennial grass. Following a 1‐year growth period, substrate properties, plant performance and plant nutrient uptake were assessed. Compost application substantially increased substrate N, P, K and Mn concentrations, while gypsum application greatly reduced sodicity and improved nutrient uptake for Mn and P. Compost amendment was essential for sustainable plant growth. Foliar deficiencies in N, P and Mg may persist with lower compost application rates, requiring the addition of supplemental fertiliser for healthy plant growth. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河北铅锌尾矿库区土壤重金属含量高光谱反演方法对比

为更好地研究利用光谱反映的土壤重金属信息，实现具有多重金属复合污染问题的铅锌矿区土壤重金属含量高光谱快速估测，该研究以河北省某铅锌矿区为例，首先对研究区土壤的Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb污染状况进行了评价分析，其次基于实验室高光谱数据，组合变换光谱、特征变量和反演算法形成不同反演策略，通过各反演策略下的重金属反演精度比较，定量分析不同光谱预处理、特征选择和建模算法的优劣与适应性，构建最优反演模型。研究结果表明：1）研究区土壤Cr、Ni清洁程度较好，其余Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb均有不同程度污染；参比当地土壤背景值，区域内梅罗综合污染指数均值29.7，为重度污染，潜在生态风险因子均值1330.3，处于高生态风险状态；2）光谱预处理可以增强土壤重金属信息表达。其中，光谱微分效果较好，但易受噪声影响，而多元散射校正、标准正态变量、倒数对数变换可以进行光谱去噪，提升处理效果；3）特征选择方法中，相关系数法选择特征波段数目多，不同重金属反演R² 差异较大；Boruta法选择特征波段数目少，不同重金属反演R² 差异较小；4）BPNN、XGBoost可以较好描述重金属含量与光谱的非线性关系，相较于其他算法具有更好表现，分别实现了Cr、Ni、Zn和Pb、Cd的最优反演，SVMR实现了Cu的最优反演。研究表明，不同的光谱预处理、特征选择与建模算法对于土壤重金属含量的反演均具有较大影响，选择合适的处理、建模算法可以有效提升反演精度。该研究为进一步实现高效、准确、大范围遥感监测铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染状况提供参考依据。