不同有机肥及用量对矿区复垦土壤有效磷含量及供磷特性的影响

为研究有机肥培肥复垦土壤过程中磷的有效性如何变化、不同有机肥在什么施磷水平下能使作物取得最大生产效率以及合理培肥土壤,依托采煤塌陷定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市偏城村),在4个磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm2)研究不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥)对玉米产量及土壤速效磷含量的动态变化.经过2年的田间试验,...     

Characterization of the Soil Organic Matter in Agricultural Mine Spoils and Reclaimed Soils Treated with Organic Amendments

Recycling organic waste in agricultural soils is a valid solution. We performed short‐term experiments to investigate the fate of urban sludge and composts, in mine spoils, cultivated or uncultivated, and reclaimed soils located in Florence and Milan, Italy. The samples, either treated or untreated, were fractionated by density into light (<1.63 Mg m^?3) and heavy (>1.63 Mg m^?3) fractions. The fractions were analyzed for total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and for δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁵N isotopes, and they were characterized by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Treatment increased the heavy fraction. The addition of sludge in the Florence area acts in synergy with the cultivation, increasing the light fraction (LF). In the Milan area, the LF tends to be decomposed and apparently transformed into HF. The addition of amendments or cultivation enhances the decomposition with release of carbon dioxide. For future research, we suggest lengthening the time of the experiments to integrate climatic variations.     

Phosphate Solubilizing Ability and Phylogenetic Diversity of Bacteria from P-Rich Soils Around Dianchi Lake Drainage Area of China

The phylogenetic diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB)distributed in P-rich soils in the Dianchi Lake drainage area of China was characterized,and the tricalcium phosphate(TCP)solubilizing activities of isolated PSB were determined.Among 1 328 bacteria isolated from 100 P-rich soil samples,377 isolates(28.39%of the total)that exhibited TCP solubilization activity were taken as PSB.These PSB showed different abilities to solubilize TCP,with the concentrations of solubilized P in bacterial cultures varying from 33.48 to 69.63 mg L^-1.A total of 123 PSB isolates,with relatively high TCP solubilization activity(>54.00 mg L^-1),were submitted for restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)analysis,which revealed 32 unique RFLP patterns.Based on these patterns,62 representative isolates,one to three from each RFLP pattern,were seffected for 16S rRNA sequencing.Phylogenetic analysis placed the 123 PSB into three bacterial phyla,namely Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria and Firmicutes.Members of Proteobacteria were the dominant PSB,where 107 isolates represented by 26 RFLP patterns were associated with the genera of Burkholderia,Pseudomonas,Acinetobacter,Enterobacter,Pantoea,Serratia,Klebsiella,Leclercia,Raoultella and Cedecea.Firmicutes were the subdominant group,in which 13 isolates were affiliated with the genera of Bacillus and Brevibacterium.The remaining 3 isolates were identified as three species of the genus Arthrobacter.This research extends the knowledge on PSB in P-rich soils and broadens the spectrum of PSB for the development of environmentally friendly biophosphate fertilizers.     

复垦年限及植被模式对煤矿复垦土壤微生物多样性的影响

了解露天煤矿区复垦状况及其对土壤微生物的影响机制,对于估算受损生态系统的恢复程度至关重要。该文以采用多种模式复垦的安太堡露天煤矿为研究区域,通过野外调查与采样分析,借助于Biolog EcoPlatesTM方法对复垦区和原地貌(对照)表层土壤中的微生物功能多样性状况进行了探索,评价了复垦年限和复垦植被模式对土壤微生物特征的恢复效应;并从土壤物理化学性质(土壤容重、pH值、土壤有机碳、总氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾)和生物性质(土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮)中筛选可反映土壤微生物功能多样性变化的代表性指示物质。结果表明:1)露天煤矿复垦年限和复垦植被模式均对土壤微生物的功能多样性有明显影响。复垦年限越长的样地中土壤微生物有较高的活性和均匀度,但丰富度较低;若样地的复垦年限较长,复垦植物种植模式对土壤微生物多样性的作用强于复垦时长对其的影响。2)从土壤微生物多样性恢复层面分析,单一植物复垦配置的优化次序为杏树、榆树和柠条,混交林配置较优的选择为柠条×刺槐。3)土壤微生物生物量碳的含量与土壤微生物功能多样性指标Shannon-Wiener指数(ρ=–0.69,P0.01)和McIntosh指数(ρ=–0.69,P0.05)显著负相关,在一定程度上可作为复垦区生物多样性指示物质。研究成果将为露天煤矿及其所在区域的生态恢复、治理和监测提供参考。     

基于Web的煤矿废弃地土地复垦决策支持系统设计与实现

为了克服现有煤矿废弃地土地复垦与植被恢复试验法费时费力的缺陷,根据土壤基质和气候相似性原理,采用模糊综合评价一灰色关联优势分析、基于距离的相似算法、基于规则的推理等多种数学方法,分别从植被恢复潜力评价、适生植物品种选择、土地复垦方案选择3个方面建立了相关数学模型,解决了煤矿废弃地恢复潜力的分级、先锋植物选种和土地复垦方案的确定等问题,从而为煤矿废弃地的植被恢复提供了一系列的决策支持.并使用ASENET 等编程语言结合MS Access数据库设计并开发了基于web的煤矿废弃地植被恢复的决策支持系统,该系统能为煤矿废弃地植被恢复工作提供新的研究模式和手段,并已经在辽宁省阜新矿区得到应用,结果表明系统所采用的方法科学、合理、可行.     

马家塔露天矿区复垦土壤质量变化

以神东公司马家塔露天矿为例,选择土壤有机质、全N、有效P、速效K、pH值、含水率、紧实度、容重和EC9项指标对复垦土壤质量进行了综合评价。研究采用相关系数法确定指标权重,以隶属度函数对指标进行标准化处理,最后采用指数和法评定土壤质量。在研究区划分了5个复垦年限,并且在复垦5a的土地上采集了6种不同植被类型的土壤样品,分5个层次分别进行评价土壤质量。结果显示:随着复垦年限的增加表层土壤质量不断提高,并且表层高于下层;复垦后种植不同植被土壤质量差异较大,种植牧草、杨树较好,耕地和针叶树较差。     

Biological effects of El Niño on the Galápagos penguin

Long-term monitoring of physical and biological parameters is essential for understanding the effects of El Niño on bird populations, particularly for small or declining populations. We examined the biological effects of El Niño activity from 1965 to 2004 using instrumental sea-surface temperatures from the Galápagos Islands and 20 years of census counts of the Galápagos penguin. Between 1965 and 2004, nine El Niño events were recorded of which two were strong and seven were weak. The two strong El Niño events of 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 were followed by crashes of 77% and 65% of the penguin population, respectively. The evidence suggests that the increased frequency of weak El Niño events limits population recovery. The 2004 penguin population is estimated to be at less than 50% of that prior to the strong 1982-1983 El Niño event. We discuss the biological effects of increased El Niño intensity and frequency within the context of a 6000-year record of El Niño influence and in the light of increasing anthropogenic threats operating after 1535, when the Archipelago was discovered by Europeans.     

基于面向对象的GF-1遥感影像采煤沉陷区湿地分类

为掌握采煤沉陷区湿地的类别和分布,促进矿区土地的复垦、规划和管理,该文以兖州煤田为例,探讨了基于GF-1遥感影像的面向对象的采煤沉陷区湿地分类方法。对河流湿地和景观湿地的影像进行基于矢量的棋盘分割,采用标准最邻近法进行分类。水产养殖湿地、植被型湿地、未复垦的常年积水湿地和未复垦的季节积水湿地的影像采用基于矢量的多尺度分割,通过反复试验获取最优分割参数,进而进行综合分析得到局部最优分割参数,由此确定分类层次,选取易于区分各类型湿地的影像特征建立分类规则,采用模糊分类法进行分类。选取141个样本点进行实地验证,结果表明分类精度达到96.95%,Kappa系数为0.958 4。该研究为采煤沉陷区湿地的分类提供了借鉴。     

干旱矿区排土场不同边坡生态修复模式下减流减沙效益

为探究不同生态修复模式对露天矿区排土场边坡产流产沙规律的影响,采用野外径流小区试验方法,对矿区排土场边坡不同生态修复模式的产流产沙进行了1个雨季的连续观测。结果表明：（1）研究区降雨年内分配不均,主要集中在汛期7—9月,该时期降雨量占到年均降雨量的77.03%,是年内径流泥沙损失最多的时期。（2）不同生态修复模式与对照（只撒播灌草种子）相比均具有减流减沙效果,但是不同生态修复模式的减流减沙效益有显著差异,减流效果从大到小依次为沙柳网格模式（64.35%）>生态棒模式（56.56%）>生态袋模式（52.74%）>铁丝石笼模式（48.70%）>植物篱模式（45.51%）>土壤改良模式（35.89%）>无纺布覆盖模式（33.97%）>砾石压盖模式（8.19%）;减沙效果依次为沙柳网格模式（69.41%）>生态棒模式（61.28%）>生态袋模式（55.09%）>铁丝石笼模式（52.43%）>植物篱模式（48.72%）>土壤改良模式（42.09%）>无纺布覆盖模式（38.31%）>砾石压盖模式（19.34%）。（3）不同生态修复模式产沙量对产流量响应特征均呈极显著正相关（P<0.05,r>0）,沙柳网格模式产沙量对产流量响应程度较小,生态棒模式次之,对照产沙量对产流量响应程度最大。     

草原煤矿排土场2种常用生物工程措施植被恢复效果评价

以锡林郭勒草原乌兰图嘎煤矿排土场为主要研究对象,通过对生物笆与沙障2种不同治理措施下的土壤状况（温度、湿度、有机质、pH值）和植被状况（种类组成、密度、盖度）的测定与分析,对其植被恢复效果进行了评价。初步分析表明,生物笆区的表土温度比沙障区低2～5℃,生物笆具有遮阴性;生物笆区的表土湿度比沙障区增加0.60%～1%,生物笆具有增湿性。在措施实施5 a后,生物笆区的表土有机质比沙障区增加了2～5.80 g/kg。在整个植物群落中,多年生草本所占植物种类总数的比例,生物笆区比沙障区多13.84%;生物笆区以多年生植物的重要值较大并占有绝对优势,沙障区以一年生植物占优势;生物笆区的植被平均密度比沙障区多2.60株/m²,盖度大18.50%。在锡林郭勒草原矿区目前常用的生物笆（单网格20 cm×20 cm）治理措施比沙障（行距30 cm,株距10 cm）更有利于植被恢复。