神府—东胜矿区生态环境脆弱性成因分析

神府—东胜矿区是晋陕蒙能源基地的核心,矿区的生态环境十分脆弱。本文通过分析认为,特殊的地理位置、新构造抬升活动、全球气候变化、恶劣的气候条件、松散的地面物质是矿区生态环境脆弱的根本原因,再加上煤田开发对环境的影响,各种因素互相影响、互相作用、互相促进,使矿区的生态环境进一步恶化。     

生长在矿区废弃地的栾树混交幼林生物量研究

对湖南湘潭锰矿矿业废弃地营造林的3．5-4．5年生栾树、杜英混交林进行了生物量研究．结果表明:林分密度为3 240株／hm2,栾树单株生物量为1 175-1 958 g,杜英为544-909 g;林分生物量为3125-5211．00 kg／hm2,林分净生产量为893．00- 2085．48 kg／(hm2·a)．现林木生命力强,生长旺盛,林分生产潜力大．为矿区废弃地的植物修复提供了优良树种．     

海州露天矿土地复垦示范区土壤综合质量评价

为有效地治理和改善矿区恶劣生态环境,使废弃的土地资源得以充分利用,通过对阜新海州露天矿土地复垦示范区土壤有机质、全N、有效P、速效K、EC、pH值、含水量、容重、紧实度等指标进行测定,开展了复垦土壤质量综合评价。结果表明:不同复垦示范区土壤质量差异较大,沙打旺、冰草示范区土壤质量最好;杨树、油松示范区次之;耕地、侧柏示范区土壤质量较差。     

开滦范各庄矿“绿色矿山”建设的探索与实践

指出了开滦股份范各庄矿业公司以建设国家级“绿色矿山”为目标,将绿色理念贯穿于矿产开发的全过程,多措并举,积极探索绿色发展模式,使企业走上了安全高效、集约内涵、绿色低碳的新型工业化道路,探讨了绿色矿山“建设的多层管理模式”,为推动其他矿山企业建设“绿色矿山”起到一些带头作用。     

Influences of El Niño on assemblages of mesopelagic fish larvae along the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur

Seasonal assemblages of mesopelagic fish larvae and changes related with environmental factors (plankton biomass, sea surface temperature anomaly, upwelling, and the multivariate El Niño index) were investigated. From 1982 to 1987, 16 oceanographic cruises were carried out along the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Larvae of 42 mesopelagic fish taxa were collected. Larval abundance was highly variable during the studied period, but summer months coincided with higher abundance (>200 larvae under 10 m²). Larval assemblages were dominated by three of the most common species of tropical (Vinciguerria lucetia, Diogenichthys laternatus) and subtropical affinity (Triphoturus mexicanus). A group of species of tropical affinity (Diplophos proximus, Diaphus pacificus, Benthosema panamense) was useful for distinguishing the 1982–84 El Niño event, and an assemblage of larvae of temperate affinity (Symbolophorus californiensis, Melamphaes lugubris, Bathylagus ochotensis, Leuroglossus stilbius, Protomyctophum crockeri) characterized ‘normal’ years (mid‐1984 to mid‐1987).     

The global distribution of wind-induced upwelling

The global distribution of wind-induced upwelling at the base of the surface Ekman layer has been computed from the COADS monthly wind stress from 1950 to 1988. In contrast to previous studies where the Ekman transport equations became invalid near the Equator, this paper computed upwelling right to the equator by incorporating friction in the surface transport equations. Comparing the seasonal changes in the equatorial upwelling between the Atlantic and the Pacific, we found that the Atlantic had the larger magnitude change while the Pacific had the larger latitudinal shift. The anomalous wind-induced upwelling/downwelling associated with El Niño were computed over several latitudinal bands in the Pacific by compositing the data from six El Nino events. By plotting the July zonally averaged upwelling anomalies in the Pacific in a latitude-time contour plot, we found northward phase propagation at about 3.5° latitude per decade in the low latitudes, a feature not found in the January upwelling. Long-term upwelling trends were computed and their potential influence on fisheries are discussed.     

‘白叶1号’茶树品种在溧阳开采期预测研究

本文分析了溧阳地区引进种植白茶品种‘白叶1号’10年以来,前期气象条件与茶树萌动、春茶开采的关系,制定白茶萌动期和开采期预报方案,结果表明：日均温大于10℃后进入春茶生长关键阶段,本地白茶的萌动起点应在稳定通过5℃和6℃的初日之间;开采期积温预报法需要过10℃有效积温达到67℃或稳定通过6℃有效积温达到147℃,其中过10℃有效积温指标的稳定性更高;气象因子预报法选择气温和降水为主要影响因子,拟合回归方程进行预报.实际生产中综合参考各项指标,并结合白茶生长情报,可以跟踪指导茶区适时开采,对提高产量和经济效益有一定意义.     

粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿地下水丰枯水期变化及污染评价

[目的]探究离子型稀土矿区地下水的污染状况及其在时空尺度下的变化特点,为区域地下水污染防控及居民健康生活的保障工作提供科学依据。[方法]以粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿及其周边为研究区,分别在丰、枯水期采集该区域地下水样品各10组,在检测水样6种常规指标和7种重金属指标的基础上,运用多元统计的方法和修正内梅罗综合污染指数法对地下水的污染现状进行分析与评价。[结果]地下水超标组分包括硫酸盐(10%)、硝酸盐氮(30%)、氨氮(35%)、氟化物(40%)、硫化物(40%)、Mn(55.5%)、Pb(20%)和Cd(10%),其中氨氮和Mn污染程度明显更严重,超标组分中仅硫化物和氟化物浓度具有明显的时期特征,均表现为：丰水期>枯水期。地下水受污染极不均匀且整体污染程度非常严重,丰水期地下水水质较枯水期更差,污染在样点DXS₀₄,DXS₀₆和DXS₀₇所在位置有较大程度的集中。[结论]各污染指标均与稀土矿使用的化学药剂存在运移转换关系,研究区地下水受稀土矿开采影响已不宜作为生活饮用水源。     

风沙黄土区排土场不同恢复类型植物群落与土壤种子库特征

风沙黄土区排土场作为一种人造生态系统,自然条件恶劣,土壤贫瘠,植被恢复困难。为了探明有效的人工促进植被恢复措施,采用植被调查与种子库萌发试验相结合的方法,通过研究不同植被类型地上植物群落与土壤种子库特征及二者的关系,探讨了其植被恢复效益及潜力。结果表明:研究区人工植被恢复下地上植物群落中共47种植物,分属16科40属,土壤种子库共14种植物,分属5科13属,其中均以禾本科、菊科、藜科、豆科占主导地位; 灌木植被的地上植被和土壤种子库的物种多样性均表现为最优; 地上植被与土壤种子库密度的变化范围为88.48～495.47株/m²,74.74～1422.91粒/m²,且均在草地类型下最大。土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性普遍较低,相似性系数仅为0.16～0.23。因此,风沙黄土区排土场的植被恢复与重建需要加强保护与管理,可以考虑构建以草灌配置为主的人工植被恢复模式,保障群落的恢复潜力,并提高群落多样性与稳定性,亦可考虑引入外源种子库提升群落恢复的潜力。