河北省石灰岩矿区自然生态环境特征探究

基于石灰岩矿区先天脆弱的自然环境,石灰岩矿区开采带来的生态问题趋于严峻。作者通过对河北省石灰岩矿区分布区域的自然生态环境进行分析,得出不同地域的石灰岩矿区生态环境特征,从而为石灰岩矿区后期的生态恢复与治理工程提供基础性资料。     

海南昌化铅锌矿废弃地重金属污染评价及其空间分布特征

通过对海南昌化铅锌矿废弃地采集的56份土壤样品进行分析,并对其重金属含量进行测定,采用内梅罗污染指数法与潜在生态风险指数法进行污染评价,运用克里金插值法进行空间分布分析。结果表明,废弃地重金属镉(Cd)污染程度最高,铅(Pb)与锌(Zn)次之,均超过国家三级标准值;从内梅罗综合指数来看,废弃地土壤重金属污染达到重度污染级别;从生态风险角度分析,废弃地重金属潜在生态风险达到重度风险级别;从克里金插值结果来看,废弃地表层土壤污染最小的地方均在废弃地东北部地区以及西南部河流尾段处,而污染最严重的地方集中在尾矿库东部、服务区、居民点、河流中段以及河流转弯处。     

北京山区采石场边坡植被恢复动态研究

以周口店黄院采石场为研究区域,采用空间代替时间的观测方法,研究不同时间梯度植被群落恢复过程和土壤养分异质性变化,以期为矿山废弃地植被恢复和重建提供可借鉴的理论依据。结果表明:随着植被恢复年限的增加,群落物种更替频繁,灌木和乔木物种出现后,群落整体层次性增强;随着演替的正向进行,各时间梯度恢复植被与最终演替物种组成的相似性指数提高;从极度退化生态系统向平衡生态系统演变过程中,草本层和灌木层的丰富度指数R、Simpson多样性指数D、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H和Pielou均匀度指数J表现出数值先变大后变小的规律,受矿山废弃地困难立地的影响,乔木层物种数量和个体数目增长不明显;ANOVA方差分析和LSD最小显著差异统计方法研究显示,不同演替阶段导致土壤养分(有机质、全氮、速效钾)的差异性显著(P<0.01),除有效磷外,其他养分含量均随植被正向演替而增加。     

Ethylenediurea (EDU) effects on hybrid larch saplings exposed to ambient or elevated ozone over three growing seasons

Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution is a persis-tent environmental issue that can lead to adverse effects on trees and wood production,thus indicating a need for forestry interventions to mediate O3 effects.We treated hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var.japonica × L.kaempferi)saplings grown in nutrient-poor soils with 0 or 400 mg L-1 water solutions of the antiozonant ethylenediurea(EDU0,EDU400) and exposed them to ambient O3 (AOZ;08:00-18:00 ≈ 30 nmol mol-1) or elevated O3 (EOZ;08:00-18:00≈ 60 nmol mo1-1) over three growing sea-sons.We found that EDU400 protected saplings against most effects of EOZ,which included extensive visible foliar injury,premature senescence,decreased photosyn-thetic pigment contents and altered balance between pig-ments,suppressed gas exchange and biomass production,and impaired leaf litter decay.While EOZ had limited effects on plant growth (suppressed stem diameter),it decreased the total number of buds per plant,an effect that was not observed in the first growing season.These results indicate that responses to EOZ might have implications to plant competitiveness,in the long term,as a result of decreased potential for vegetative growth.However,when buds were standardized per unit of branches biomass,EOZ significantly increased the number of buds per unit of biomass,suggest-ing a potentially increased investment to bud development,in an effort to enhance growth potential and competitiveness in the next growing season.EDU400 minimized most of these effects of EOZ,significantly enhancing plant health under O3-induced stress.The effect of EDU was attributed mainly to a biochemical mode of action.Therefore,hybrid larch,which is superior to its parents,can be significantly improved by EDU under long-term elevated O3 exposure,providing a perspective for enhancing afforestation practices.     

Characterization of the Soil Organic Matter in Agricultural Mine Spoils and Reclaimed Soils Treated with Organic Amendments

Recycling organic waste in agricultural soils is a valid solution. We performed short‐term experiments to investigate the fate of urban sludge and composts, in mine spoils, cultivated or uncultivated, and reclaimed soils located in Florence and Milan, Italy. The samples, either treated or untreated, were fractionated by density into light (<1.63 Mg m^?3) and heavy (>1.63 Mg m^?3) fractions. The fractions were analyzed for total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and for δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁵N isotopes, and they were characterized by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Treatment increased the heavy fraction. The addition of sludge in the Florence area acts in synergy with the cultivation, increasing the light fraction (LF). In the Milan area, the LF tends to be decomposed and apparently transformed into HF. The addition of amendments or cultivation enhances the decomposition with release of carbon dioxide. For future research, we suggest lengthening the time of the experiments to integrate climatic variations.     

Improving Soil Fertility to Support Grass–Legume Revegetation on Lignite Mine Spoils

The short-term sequential effects of different treatments on soil fertility and revegetation of mine spoils were examined in a lignite mine in northwestern Spain. Experimental plots were established both on old and recent spoils after tillage and treated with compost or nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), + magnesium limestone before seeding with a grass–legume species mixture. Compost improved plant production and, contrary to NPK, maintained soil N levels and supplied enough P for the establishment and early growth of the vegetation. Severe magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and K limitations in recent spoils were only alleviated by compost + magnesium limestone, allowing the rapid growth and coating of the soil surface. The amendment based on NPK + magnesium limestone improved plant production in the short term but caused proliferation of weeds. Results suggest that revegetation in combination with the appropriate amendments is a key issue for the reclamation of lignite mine spoils.     

聚丙烯酸盐对重金属污染矿区本地植株生长和土壤性质的影响

采用半野外试验研究了聚丙烯酸盐对自然条件下矿区重金属污染土壤性质和矿区本地植株生长的影响。研究表明,0．4％的聚丙烯酸盐明显促进了4种污染矿区本地植物的生长,总生物量在两轮生长中分别是对照处理的1．8倍和2-3倍。不同植株对不同生长季节反映不同,其中Brizamoxima（B．maxima）在春夏季节生长好于秋冬季节,但生物量不高,无法提供大面积覆盖。而Chaetopogon fasciculatus（efasciculatus）和spergularia purpurea（S．purpurea）因其在秋冬季节生长明显好于春夏季节,尽管在春夏季节由于干旱而大量死亡,仍然可以大面积覆盖土壤,所以可尝试用于矿区土壤的植被固定。聚丙烯酸盐的应用显著改善了土壤脱氢酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖苷酶、蛋白酶、脲酶以及纤维素酶的活性。研究同时发现,不同种类植株的生长与土壤pH及土壤酶活性存在显著的相关关系,其中,土壤pH和efasciculatus的生长与土壤中蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性正相关（r〉0．60）,而Brizamaxima的生长与蔗糖酶的活性正相关（r=0．82）。     

废弃卡林型金矿区结皮苔藓植物蓄水作用和成土功能研究

通过野外调查和实验室分析,对贵州省兴义市新路废弃卡林型金矿区苔藓植物进行了研究。结果显示,该矿区共计有苔藓植物4科6属7种,未发现苔类和角苔,种类组成较单调,其中丛藓科(Pottiaceae)和真藓科(Bryaceae)为优势科;生活型有2种类型:矮丛集型(85.71%)和交织型(14.29%),矮丛集型占有绝对优势;并对该矿区结皮优势苔藓植物硬叶扭口藓、卵蒴真藓、毛口藓和小青藓的生物量、成土量、饱和吸水率和饱和吸水量进行了测定分析。结果显示,该矿区生物量为3.00～52.40g/m2;成土量为217.50～3 695.80g/m2;饱和吸水量为35.10～684.30g/m2;饱和吸水率为1 170.00%～3 637.00%。研究表明,在喀斯特石漠化严重的废弃金矿区,对于在缺少土壤,水土流失严重和植被破坏大的环境区域,苔藓植物以其特有的生态功能在石漠化治理,蓄水作用和成土功能,植被恢复及生态治理等方面起到十分重要的作用。     

Phosphate Solubilizing Ability and Phylogenetic Diversity of Bacteria from P-Rich Soils Around Dianchi Lake Drainage Area of China

The phylogenetic diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB)distributed in P-rich soils in the Dianchi Lake drainage area of China was characterized,and the tricalcium phosphate(TCP)solubilizing activities of isolated PSB were determined.Among 1 328 bacteria isolated from 100 P-rich soil samples,377 isolates(28.39%of the total)that exhibited TCP solubilization activity were taken as PSB.These PSB showed different abilities to solubilize TCP,with the concentrations of solubilized P in bacterial cultures varying from 33.48 to 69.63 mg L^-1.A total of 123 PSB isolates,with relatively high TCP solubilization activity(>54.00 mg L^-1),were submitted for restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)analysis,which revealed 32 unique RFLP patterns.Based on these patterns,62 representative isolates,one to three from each RFLP pattern,were seffected for 16S rRNA sequencing.Phylogenetic analysis placed the 123 PSB into three bacterial phyla,namely Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria and Firmicutes.Members of Proteobacteria were the dominant PSB,where 107 isolates represented by 26 RFLP patterns were associated with the genera of Burkholderia,Pseudomonas,Acinetobacter,Enterobacter,Pantoea,Serratia,Klebsiella,Leclercia,Raoultella and Cedecea.Firmicutes were the subdominant group,in which 13 isolates were affiliated with the genera of Bacillus and Brevibacterium.The remaining 3 isolates were identified as three species of the genus Arthrobacter.This research extends the knowledge on PSB in P-rich soils and broadens the spectrum of PSB for the development of environmentally friendly biophosphate fertilizers.     

蓝桉在磷矿剥离浮土上造林试验简报

近年来,国内外十分重视矿山绿化造林,但在矿山剥离浮土上造林成功的例子很少。海口林场在中宝马头箐磷矿剥离浮土上种植蓝桉,一年郁闭,长势良好,有效地控制了水土流失。实践证明,造林行之有效。现将试验结果简报如下。试验点位于昆明市海口林场中宝马头箐磷矿。试验点所在地区气候温和,夏季雨水集中,无酷暑,冬季干燥,无严寒,干湿季分明。海拔1935米,母岩为蛇纹岩,土壤为山地黄红壤,浮土厚3～4米,含沙量约30％,肥力较低,生长着极少量的蒿类植物。