桂中、桂北油茶主要产区成林林地土壤及叶片养分含量调查

对桂中、桂北油茶主要产区10个油茶成林林地土壤和叶片养分含量进行分析,结果表明:10个取样点的土壤属于强酸或极酸性土壤,8个取样点土壤的有机质含量及4个取样点土壤的碱解氮含量处于缺乏状态,全部取样点土壤的速效磷含量以及6个取样点土壤速效钾含量处于极缺乏水平;叶片全氮和全钾含量与土壤中p H值、有机质和碱解氮和速效钾的相关性不明显,但叶片中全磷含量与土壤中速效磷含量极显著相关,叶片全磷含量能较好的反映土壤中速效磷含量。     

4个双低甘蓝型油菜品种干物质积累及养分吸收动态

采用田问试验研究了4种双低油菜整个生育期内干物质积累及氮磷钾养分吸收动态.结果表明:播种后140 d(苗期)、140～170 d(蕾薹期)、170～199 d(花期)和199～212 d(角果期)4个油菜品种的干物质积累比例分别为12.7%～20.9%、15.3%～20.0%、60.3%～71.7%和-27.4%～-9.1%;氮素积累比例分别为33.3%～47.8%、11.9%～14.7%、15.5%～28.1%和17.7%～28.8%;磷素积累比例分别为23.4%～37.9%、22.5%～29.4%、32.7%～54.1%和-17.2%～-3.O%;钾素积累比例分别为24.7%～33.9%、16.2%～35.9%、31.0%～53.3%和-43.0～-23.5%.表明油菜干物质累积与养分吸收量的变化趋势基本相同,氮素积累量最大时期为苗期,干物质、磷、钾积累量最大时期为花期,干物质及氮磷钾养分积累速率最大时期均为花期.每生产100 kg籽粒养分的需求量平均为N 4.3 kg、P2O5 2.7 kg和K2O 8.7 kg.在同等施肥量水平下,4个油菜品种中,华油杂9号籽粒产量最高,达3 574 kg/hm2;N、P、K养分偏生产力顺序为:中双9号>华油杂9号>华双5号>华双4号.     

Pyrethroid Exposure Reduces Growth and Development of Monarch Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Caterpillars

Insecticide exposure has been identified as a contributing stressor to the decline in the North American monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) population. Monarch toxicity data are currently limited and available data focuses on lethal endpoints. This study examined the 72-h toxicity of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin, and their effects on growth and diet consumption. The toxicity of bifenthrin to caterpillars was lower than β-cyfluthrin after 72 h. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint for bifenthrin, but diet consumption and caterpillar growth were significantly reduced at sublethal levels of β-cyfluthrin. Using AgDRIFT spray drift assessment, the aerial application of bifenthrin or β-cyfluthrin is predicted to pose the greatest risk to fifth-instar caterpillars, with lethal insecticide deposition up to 28 m for bifenthrin and up to 23 m for β-cyfluthrin from treated edges of fields. Low boom ground applications are predicted to reduce distances of lethal insecticide exposure to 2 m from the treated field edge for bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin. Growth and survival of fifth-instar monarch caterpillars developing within the margins of a treated field may be significantly impacted following foliar applications of bifenthrin or β-cyfluthrin. These findings provide evidence that pyrethroid insecticides commonly used for soybean pest control are a potential risk to monarch caterpillars in agricultural landscapes.     

铝盐对厌氧微生物产甲烷活性的影响研究

废水中铝盐含量增高以及铝盐的生物毒性使其对废水生物处理工艺中微生物产生的危害引起了人们的关注。本文以产甲烷活性为指标，通过投加氯化铝测定其对颗粒污泥的产甲烷毒性来研究铝盐对厌氧菌的危害。结果表明，铝盐使厌氧颗粒污泥的活性明显降低，但其毒性可以驯化，且清除铝盐后厌氧颗粒污泥的活性可以恢复。     

三聚氰胺在动物体内的毒性研究进展

三聚氰胺是一种含氮杂环有机化合物,多用于化工建筑方面。其具有一定的毒性,动物长期饲喂含三聚氰胺的日粮后将会对动物产生危害。因此,三聚氰胺对动物机体的毒性作用目前已成为关注的焦点,作者对三聚氰胺在动物体内的毒性研究作一简要概述。     

退化草地生态修复技术试验研究

采用草地生态学、恢复生态学、农业栽培学、畜牧学等多学科理论,应用宏观与微观相结合的方法,对退化草地的生态修复重建技术进行了系统研究。试验研究结果表明：围栏封育、施肥、松土补播均是退化草地修复的有效措施,封育使草地四度一量分别提高1.97倍、1.18倍、3.31倍、5.11倍、1.85倍;施肥使草产量提高21.62%-80.00%;补播提高5.40%-62.16%,退化草地修复后优良植物群落、营养成份明显提高,植物多样性、丰富度、均匀度明显改善,土壤侵蚀量仅为对照草地的13.46%-33.99%。     

Ocular distribution and toxicity of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in normal equine eyes

Objective  To determine ocular distribution and toxicity of a single injection of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in normal horses.
Animals studied  Six adult horses, donated to North Carolina State University.
Procedures  Six horses were injected intravitreally with either 10, 20, or 40 mg ( n  = 2 each) of TA. The opposite eye of each horse was injected with balanced salt solution (BSS). Ocular toxicity was assessed by biomicroscopy, tonometry, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and electroretinogram. Aqueous humor (AH), vitreous humor (VH), and plasma samples were collected. Horses were euthanized 7 or 21 days after injection and eyes enucleated for histopathology. TA concentrations in AH, VH, and plasma were measured by HPLC.
Results  Three control eyes and one TA eye developed inflammation after injection or collection of AH. Positive bacterial cultures ( Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp.) were obtained from three of these eyes. Other than transient corneal edema in TA injected eyes, which resolved by 7 days after injection, no other changes were observed. TA crystals were visible within the vitreous body. No evidence of TA toxic effect was noted on histopathology. TA was detected in all AH and VH samples from treated eyes following injection. Drug was not detected in the plasma.
Conclusions  There was no evidence of overt toxicity from intravitreal TA in normal horses and a single intravitreal injection resulted in TA ocular levels for 21 days. However, the risk for bacterial infections with intravitreal injection or anterior chamber aspirations in horses is high. Use of topical and systemic antibiotics after injection is recommended.     

A review of phosphorus homeostasis and the impact of different types and amounts of dietary phosphate on metabolism and renal health in cats

Elevated concentrations of serum phosphate are linked with progression and increased case fatality rate in animals and humans with chronic kidney disease. Elevated concentrations of serum phosphate can be a risk factor for development of renal and cardiovascular diseases or osteoporosis in previously healthy people. In rodents, an excess intake of dietary phosphorus combined with an inverse dietary calcium : phosphorus ratio (<1 : 1) contributes to renal calcification. Renal injury also has occured in cats fed experimental diets supplemented with highly soluble phosphate salts, especially in diets with inverse calcium : phosphorus ratios. However, not all phosphorus sources contribute similarly to this effect. This review, which focuses on cats, summarizes the published evidence regarding phosphorus metabolism and homeostasis, including the relative impact of different dietary phosphorus sources, and their impact on the kidneys. No data currently shows that commercial cat foods induce renal injury. However, some diets contain high amounts of phosphorus relative to recommendations and some have inverse Ca : P ratios and so could increase the risk for development of kidney disease. While limiting the use of highly soluble phosphates appears to be important, there are insufficient data to support a specific upper limit for phosphate intake. This review also proposes areas where additional research is needed in order to strengthen conclusions and recommendations regarding dietary phosphorus for cats.     

发酵苹果渣对獭兔生长性能、养分消化率、小肠黏膜形态及分泌型免疫球蛋白A浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵苹果渣对獭兔生长性能、养分消化率、小肠黏膜形态及分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)浓度的影响。试验共选用96只、45日龄的健康獭兔,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复6只(公母各占1/2)。4组獭兔分别饲喂含0(对照,CK组)、9.6%(A组)、19.2%(B组)和28.8%(C组)发酵苹果渣的试验饲粮。预试期15 d,正试期50 d。结果显示:与CK组相比,C组獭兔平均日增重提高了14.69%(P <0.05),料重比降低了6. 63%(P <0. 05),腹泻率降低了19.64%(P<0.05); C组獭兔饲粮干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质和粗纤维消化率分别提高了6.11%(P<0.05)、5.19%(P<0.05)、7.26%(P<0.05)和13.10%(P<0.05); C组獭兔空肠的绒毛长度和肠壁厚度分别增加了59.82%(P<0.05)和41.83%(P<0.05),同时十二指肠的隐窝深度降低了30.52%(P<0.05)。添加不同水平的发酵苹果渣对獭兔小肠中SIgA浓度无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,在饲粮中添加28.8%的发酵苹果渣可以通过提高养分消化率,改善小肠黏膜形态来提高獭兔的生长性能,并可降低腹泻率,且对小肠中SIgA浓度无不良影响。     

降低饲粮氮或/和磷含量并添加复合酶对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究降低饲粮氮或/和磷含量并添加复合酶对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率和血清生化指标的影响。试验选择96头体重为(36.0±4.8)kg的生长猪,随机分为4组(每组3个重复,每个重复8头猪),分别饲喂不添加复合酶的正常饲粮(对照组)、添加复合酶的低氮饲粮(低氮组)、添加复合酶的低磷饲粮(低磷组)和添加复合酶的低氮低磷饲粮(低氮低磷组),试验期为37d。结果显示:各组间平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。低磷组和低氮低磷组生长猪的磷消化率显著高于对照组和低氮组(P<0.05)。除半胱氨酸(Cys)、蛋氨酸(Met)和酪氨酸(Tyr)的消化率低氮低磷组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)外,其他氨基酸的消化率各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。低氮低磷组生长猪血清中钙含量显著高于对照组和低磷组(P<0.05),4组之间血清中总蛋白、磷、尿素氮含量与碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,在适量降低生长猪饲粮中氮和磷含量的同时添加复合酶对生长猪的生长性能无显著影响,还可以提高磷的利用效率,减少粪便中氮和磷的排放。