Coupling changes of soil functional gene abundances and extracellular enzyme activities across the diagnostic horizons of agricultural Isohumosols

Soil functional microbial taxa and extracellular enzymes are involved in a variety of biogeochemical cycling processes. Although many studies have revealed the vertical change patterns of microbial communities along soil profile, the general understanding of the coupling changes in the functional gene abundances (FGAs) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in soil profiles is still limited, which hinders us from revealing soil ecosystem processes. Herein, we comparatively investigated the FGAs and EEAs in the diagnostic A, B, and C horizons of soil profiles obtained from two suborders of Isohumosols (Mollisols), Ustic and Udic Isohumosols, in Northeast China based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard fluorometric techniques, respectively. The distribution patterns of both FGAs and EEAs significantly distinguished by the two soil suborders and were also separated from A to C horizon. Additionally, the variations of EEAs and FGAs were greater in Udic Isohumosols compared to Ustic Isohumosols along soil profiles, and greater changes were observed in C horizon than in A horizon. Both FGAs and EEAs correspondently decreased along the soil profiles. However, when normalized by soil organic carbon, the specific EEAs significantly increased in deep soil horizons, suggesting that microorganisms will input more resources to the production of enzymes to ensure microbial nutrient requirements under resource scarcity. More importantly, we revealed that soil microbial nutrient demands were limited by carbon (C) and phosphorus (P), and the C and P limitations significantly increased along soil profiles with a greater C limitation observed in Ustic Isohumosols than in Udic Isohumosols. Overall, our findings provided solid evidence showing the links between FGAs, EEAs, and microbial nutrient limitations, which would be helpful for a better understanding of the ecosystem processes in soil profiles.     

越冬期地面灌溉技术研究

基于越冬期大田土壤入渗和灌水试验,采用试验研究和模拟分析相结合的方法,分析讨论了冬灌水流运动特点,揭示了表征灌溉效果的各项指标随地中温度的变化特性,提出了提高越冬期灌溉灌水效果的5项技术:短畦灌溉技术、长畦灌溉技术、小流量灌溉技术、秋耕灌溉技术和最冷月免灌技术。研究结果对我国北方缺水地区冬季合理灌溉具有重要指导意义。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘增温效应研究

利用2年沙漠边缘至绿洲4个观测点的气象资料,计算得到感热通量、湍流热量、净辐射、同一高度的气压等,讨论这些要素的时间和空间变化规律,解释绿洲至沙漠气温逐渐增加的原因,以对沙漠增温效应做出进一步的分析,为发挥特定地区的农业气候资源优势,促进农业结构调整和区域经济发展及构建新型农业技术体系提供理论基础.     

凹凸棒添加对有机肥发酵温度及养分的影响

为充分利用凹凸棒石的吸附性能,降低有机肥发酵过程中的碳氮损失,减少臭气排放,设置4个不同凹凸棒石添加量（0、5%、10%、15%）,探讨凹凸棒石添加量对有机肥发酵温度、养分含量及养分损失率的影响。结果显示：相比不添加凹凸棒石的对照,添加凹凸棒石可降低堆肥发酵最高温度,延长高温持续时间,降低堆体水分损失速率; 5%凹凸棒石添加可显著降低氮素损失约10个百分点,但当其添加量超过10%时,氮素损失反而增加;添加凹凸棒石显著降低了有机质含量和损失率,且凹凸棒石添加量与有机质损失率呈显著负相关关系。此外,添加凹凸棒石可提高有机肥的钾素含量,但对磷素的含量和损失无显著影响。研究表明,有机肥生产工艺中,凹凸棒石的适宜添加量应为物料总质量的5%~10%。     

贵州无公害番茄栽培专家系统的开发研究

贵州无公害番茄栽培专家系统是基于PAID 4.0开发平台研制的。系统将人工智能与番茄栽培领域专家的知识结合起来,模拟农业专家指导农户进行无公害番茄栽培,具有技术先进、功能丰富、结构规范、界面友好、易学实用等特点,可有效地解决目前贵州无公害番茄生产中专家型农业科技人员的短缺问题,为农业科技咨询服务提供新途径。     

Remediation of amide pesticide-polluted soils by combined solarization and ozonation treatment

Agriculture has a close relationship with nature, but it can also be the source of negative and permanent environmental effects. The use of pesticides in modern agriculture is a common practice, but their side effects on the environment cannot be disregarded. In this study, we evaluated a combination of solarization and ozonation techniques for the elimination of six amide pesticides (boscalid, chlorantraniliprole, cyflufenamid, fluopyram, napropamide, and propyzamide) in soil. Initial experiments were performed with four different soils to assess the efficiency of this methodology at different soil temperatures and ozone dosages under laboratory conditions, and then a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions during summer. Fifty days after the onset of the experiments, higher degradation percentages of amide pesticides were observed in ozonized soils than in other treated soils, particularly when ozone was applied at 10 cm soil depth. The results show that the utilization of ozonation, along with solarization, represents a valid method for degrading residues of the studied pesticides and suggest that this combined technology may be a promising tool for remediating pesticide-polluted soils.     

采摘花芽对春茶产量与品质的影响

茶树是以收获叶片为主的经济作物。生产上,茶树旺盛的生殖生长会消耗大量营养,影响茶叶的产量和品质。通过比较有无花芽和采摘花芽对春茶产量和品质的影响,为茶园管理提供理论依据和指导。以中茶108为材料,试验设3个处理：T1为有花芽未采摘,T2为采摘花芽,T3为无花芽。在春茶期,分别于3月15日、3月18日、3月22日和3月25日进行采样,测定产量和品质。结果表明,开花会显著降低春茶产量,与有花芽的T1相比,T3处理前3次采摘分别增加了114.3%、55.1%和76.5%。可采摘芽头数量也呈现相同的趋势,与T1相比,T3处理各个时期鲜叶芽头数分别增加了100%、55%、31.6%和9.9%。T2摘花处理也能够显著提高可采摘芽头数量。茶树开花与采摘花芽处理对春茶期间茶叶百芽重的影响主要表现在第1次采摘时,T1处理百芽重最低,T3处理的百芽重最高,达到3.1 g。对茶叶品质成分进行研究发现,无花芽的T3处理鲜叶氨基酸和茶多酚含量均显著高于有花芽的T1处理;与T1处理相比,摘去花芽后T2处理的鲜叶氨基酸和茶多酚含量均有不同程度增加。不同处理间鲜叶养分含量存在一定的差异,并且主要体现在磷(P)、钾(K...     

河南省主要土壤耕层有效养分含量分析

对河南省主要土壤耕层21个样区的土样有效养分含量进行测定分析,结果表明:河南省主要土壤耕层的有机质含量稍缺;有效氮含量中等;有效磷含量稍丰;有效钾含量丰富;有效铜含量丰富;有效锌含量缺乏。     

分析技术在土壤微塑料研究中的应用现状

微塑料污染已成为环境领域研究的热点问题。受采样、前处理和分析技术的限制,现有研究中检测到的微塑料尺寸普遍较大。定量分析技术不够成熟,文献数据之间的可比性较差。复杂组分和表面附着物导致土壤微塑料的分析检测存在更大的挑战。为更好地掌握研究现状与发展趋势,本文从光谱分析、热分析、显微分析等角度分类,对土壤微塑料研究中的分析技术进行了解析、对比和总结。光谱分析对微塑料进行定性和数量统计,常见的有傅里叶变换红外光谱法和拉曼光谱法。热分析用于组分鉴定和质量分析,具体分为裂解气质联用和热重波谱联用。显微分析则对形貌和尺寸进行表征,包括光学显微镜和电子显微镜两种。提出微塑料分析技术越来越丰富,但是针对土壤微塑料的分析是一项复杂的工作。分析技术的标准化是评价和治理微塑料污染的关键;现有的土壤微塑料检测方法各有利弊。组合或联用技术的使用有望更高效、精准地实现对土壤微塑料定性定量分析;应从需要解决的科学问题出发,根据研究目的合理选择分析技术;部分分析技术在土壤微塑料的实际测定有待于进一步的探索与验证。     

水肥调控对二月兰和后茬花生养分累积及土壤肥力的影响

摘 要：田间试验条件下，研究不同水肥处理对二月兰生长，及其翻压后后茬花生产量和养分累积的变化。结果表明，灌溉和施肥可显著促进二月兰生长。在绿肥季，不论施肥与否，灌溉处理均可显著提高二月兰的生物量和N、P、K养分含量， NPW（绿肥季施氮磷肥和灌溉）和CKW处理（绿肥季不施肥，只进行灌溉处理）的二月兰生物量和N、P、K养分含量分别比相应的未灌溉处理提高了66.47%和63.97%、76.95%和32.36%、88.31%和9.80%、21.71%和15.56%。二月兰翻压的养分还田量为91.04～260.23 kg/hm2，约占花生季化肥总养分的27.59%～78.86%。与冬闲处理（CF）相比，不同施肥和灌溉处理的绿肥翻压均促进了花生产量和养分累积，及土壤养分含量的提高，其中以EN处理的提升效果最明显。周年等养分条件下，花生季35.00%氮和/或42.86%磷肥料前移至绿肥季，可明显促进绿肥养分还田量的增加，后茬花生产量不同程度增加（增幅22.82%～41.18%）。综上，在适量灌溉和施肥条件下，二月兰生物量明显增加，进而促进后茬花生产量增加及养分累积。研究结果可为我国绿肥农田应用及化肥减施提供数据支撑和实践依据。