The vertical distribution of fine roots of five tree species and maize in Morogoro,Tanzania

In order to assess the possibility of root competition in agroforestry, the vertical distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) of five tree species in pure two-year-old stands was compared to that of mature maize.Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala andProsopis chilensis had a rooting pattern similar to that of maize, i.e. a slow decline in fine root mass from 0–100 cm soil depth.Eucalyptus camaldulensis had its roots evenly distributed down to 100 cm. On an average, the fine root biomass of the tree species was roughly twice as that of the maize. We conclude that the studied tree species are likely to compete with maize and other crops with a similar rooting pattern for nutrients and water.     

一种测定根瘤固氮酶活性的开放式气路系统及其应用

针对传统的密闭式气路法测定根瘤固氮酶活性（乙炔还原法,ＡＲＡ）所存在的缺陷,本试验设计了一种简单易行的开放式气路测定根瘤固氮酶活性的方法,并对其在根瘤固氮生理学中的应用进行了研究。结果表明,应用本测定装置所测得的根瘤固氮酶活性比用传统的密闭式气路法测得的固氮酶活性高４０％以上。乙炔气体可诱导健康根瘤固氮酶活性的抑制,但对受土壤干旱、去叶、环割等处理的根瘤固氮酶活性无此诱导抑制效应。用本测定装置测定根瘤固氮酶活性所需乙炔气的最适浓度为５％,比文献报道的低２５％～５０％。土壤干旱、去叶、环割等处理显著抑制根瘤固氮酶活性,抑制的原因与根瘤本身可溶性糖含量无关。     

大豆结瘤相关QTL优化和候选基因挖掘

氮是植物生长必须的大量元素之一,大豆根瘤菌共生可以为大豆提供充足的氮元素。研究大豆根瘤菌共生机理,挖掘控制共生结瘤候选基因具有重要意义。鉴于现阶段关于调控大豆共生结瘤QTL区间大,无法直接应用到实际中,本实验整理了68个控制大豆结瘤的QTLs,通过Overview和共线性分析对其进行优化,在Gm06染色体上得到一个高置信QTLs区间对该区间进行了基因注释得到43个基因,其中包括一个控制C2钙/脂质结合和含GRAM结构域的蛋白质,一个侧根形成蛋白和一个E3泛素连接酶相关蛋白,并在CSSLs群体中查找该位置存在插入片段的株系进行结瘤性状鉴定。结果表明C2连锁群上的15-15.5Mb对于大豆根瘤菌共生结瘤有着至关重要的作用。     

四棱豆根瘤细胞结构的电镜观察

四棱豆根瘤细跑超薄切片的电镜观察表明:根瘤红色中心组织包含有受根瘤菌(Rhizobium spp.)侵染细胞和非侵染细胞。细菌侵染进入宿主细胞中转变成固氮类菌体。最初可见到有周膜包裹的单个类菌体细胞。在周膜内,类菌体经细胞分裂逐渐形成几个类菌体,这就是发展成熟根瘤共生细胞结构的形态特征。本文还对四棱豆类菌体细胞结构与固氮功能的关系进行了讨论。     

An outbreak of visceral white nodules disease caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida at a water temperature of 12°C in cultured large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China

Visceral white nodules disease (VWND) caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a common disease in cage-farmed large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China. VWND usually occurred at water temperature of 16–19℃, resulting in high mortality in farmed large yellow croaker. Now, P. plecoglossicida as its pathogen has been considered nonpathogenic at 7–12℃. During February 2019, an infectious disease outbreak was observed in cage-farmed large yellow croaker at a water temperature of 12℃ in Ningde, China. This disease is characterized by white granulomatous lesions in internal organs of the diseased fish, which was similar with the symptoms of the VWND in large yellow croaker. Then, we isolated a bacterial strain named PQLYC4 from visceral lesions of the diseased fish. The experimental infection studies demonstrated that the strain PQLYC4 was the pathogen of the disease, which was further identified as P. plecoglossicida by the analysis of morphology, 16s rRNA gene homology and average nucleotide identity based on the whole genome sequence. Our results revealed that P. plecoglossicida strain PQLYC4 could cause the outbreak of the VWND at 12℃, a water temperature lower than that reported previously, thus providing new knowledges of prevalence and prevention of the VWND in large yellow croaker.     

钙结石含量对土壤水分蒸发影响的模拟试验

通过在土柱中人工模拟黄土高原北部含钙结石土壤,在土壤总水分一致的情况下研究了钙结石含量对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响,以期为黄土高原特定土壤类型中土壤水平衡的计算和模拟提供试验依据。研究结果表明：不同钙结石质量分数（钙结石质量/（钙结石质量+土壤质量））的土壤水分累积蒸发在最初的7 d内差别不大,随后表现出一定的差异;试验期间不同处理的蒸发率差异很小。土壤水分蒸发量随钙结石质量分数的增加而降低,当钙结石质量分数为0.5时,土壤水分蒸发降低8 mm,占到土壤总水分的10%。土壤水分蒸发与钙结石含量之间的负相关关系与钙结石含量增加所导致的土壤含水率降低有关。钙结石对土壤水分蒸发的作用效果与钙结石吸水性、钙结石含量以及水分在钙结石和土壤之间的分配有关。     

苜蓿根瘤菌cfp荧光标记株的构建及筛选方法

荧光标记根瘤菌在研究根瘤菌侵染宿主形成结瘤时具有良好的示踪效果。本研究以辅助菌株Escherichia coli pRK2073,受体菌苜蓿中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium meliloti 12531和苜蓿根瘤菌Rhizobium meliloti GN5,及cfp青色荧光基因供体菌E.coli pMP45179为供试菌株,以三亲本杂交法进行结合转导,并以无氮培养基和TY培养基对标记菌株进行荧光表达及固氮特性的遗传稳定性检测,再对初选菌株以甘农5号紫花苜蓿为宿主进行回接验证,测定了回接植株的生物量,结瘤数和标记菌的占瘤率等指标。结果表明,1)三亲本杂交转导法适用于苜蓿根瘤菌cfp标记菌株的构建,获得大量S.meliloti 12531和R.meliloti GN5的荧光标记株;2)经逐层筛选获得的荧光标记菌中,S.meliloti 12531-cfp6和R.meliloti GNf-cfp5遗传稳定性好,荧光表达量高,结瘤促生能力强;3)与现有抗生素平板分离筛选相比,无氮培养基结合耐药平板筛选能显著提高荧光标记根瘤菌株的甄别筛选效率;4)三亲本杂交法获得的苜蓿根瘤菌荧光标记株个体间差异较大,对标记株固氮及荧光表达能力遗传稳定性的验证和对宿主植物的结瘤促生能力的检测是cfp荧光标记根瘤菌筛选的必要手段。     

减量施氮对带状套作大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响

为研究种植模式和施氮量对大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响,本研究采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区为种植模式:大豆单作(SS)、玉米/大豆带状套作(MS),副区为不同施氮量:不施氮(NN:0 kg hm^-2)、减量施氮(RN:45kghm^-2)和常量施氮(CN:60kghm^-2),监测了大豆生育期内土壤的O₂含量和土壤呼吸速率的动态变化规律,分析了各处理的土壤水稳性团聚体、容重和孔隙度差异,探讨了大豆生育期内结瘤量、固氮能力的变化特征。2年数据结果表明,与单作大豆相比,带状套作大豆可提高土壤O₂含量、>2 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量、显著增加土壤孔隙度、显著增强后期土壤呼吸的速率,显著降低<1mm粒径团聚体百分含量与土壤孔隙度;R5期根瘤干重差异不显著,但结瘤数量显著增加39.9%,固氮酶活性与固氮潜力也在此时显著高于单作大豆。各施氮量间,土壤O₂含量、0.25～1.00mm粒径的百分含量、带状套作大豆的土壤呼吸速率以RN处理最高,施氮能降低<0...     

Competitive Scavenging of Trace Metals by HFO and HMO during Redox-driven Early Diagenesis of Ferromanganese Nodules (11 pp)

-  Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Förstner on his 65th birthdayBackground   Surface complexation models (SCM) alone have yet less successfully reproduced sorption isotherms of hydrous manganese oxides (HMO). This is in part due to the fact that the HMO structure may vary with pH, and also because microbially formed natural HMO has an oxidation number O/Mn 〈 2, i.e. is of non-stoichiometrical composition. The former effect has often led to severe artefacts, such as an under-prediction of metal sequestration at low pH, and non-comparable pK and pHZPC values in literature. The latter effect is of particular importance for environments of varying redox conditions like sediments.Objectives   We propose therefore a new sorption model comprising of amphoteric site SCM, ion exchange due to permanent charge compensation, and solid solution formation, in order to comply at least in part with the redox complexity of HMO phases of stable birnessite- and buserite-type structures. Methods   The model is run by a new Gibbs energy minimization code which is shown to be particularly suitable for such a sorption continuum approach. Results and Discussion   Initial calibration of the model was performed by experimental literature data on simple laboratory systems. Thus parameterised, we simulated on the basis of available field data the effect of redox-driven dissolution of a ferromanganese nodule on the partitioning of metals between the interacting HMO, HFO, and marine water phases. Our scenario model suggests that significant fraction of Mn and other metals, probably 50% or more, may be recycled to water column from the surface of the ferromanganese nodule upon gradual development of the bottom water stagnation, except of Zn for which a by far stronger net retention was found.Conclusion and Outlook   Our model, even if only a first approximation, clearly shows that stagnation in the marine bottom water, once occurring, can drastically change primary element proxy records in ferromanganese nodules, smoothing out any anomalous patterns in the most recent record.     

How are nitrogen fixation rates regulated in legumes?

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by the legume‐Rhizobium symbiosis is a finely regulated process that involves significant carbon and energy metabolism by the plant. At present, there are three competing theories as to how the regulation of the process is achieved at the whole plant level. Theory one (carbon supply regulation) states that nitrogen fixation rates are regulated by either current nodule assimilate supply or through metabolism of assimilates into compounds that can be used by the bacteroids. A second theory (oxygen supply regulation) assumes that oxygen diffusion into the nodules is tightly regulated and is the principal regulatory factor for nitrogen fixation rates. A third theory (N‐feedback regulation) suggests that a product of nitrogen fixation or assimilation exerts a feedback regulatory impact. The paper summarizes experimental data which support or reject the mentioned theories. Moreover, implications of nitrogen fixation under P stress and of phenomena connected with the argon or acetylene induced decline in nitrogenase activity for the understanding of nitrogen fixation regulation are discussed. It is concluded that we currently have no theory that explains all aspects and experimental results concerning the regulation of nitrogen fixation in legumes. With our growing ability to impact the process, e.g., by genetic engineering, this understanding of nitrogen fixation regulation has potential to be translated into agronomically sustainable benefits.