长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤养分和作物产量的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了黄土高原西部旱农区传统耕作措施(T)和5种保护性耕作措施免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)对土壤有机质、速效养分以及作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过6 a不同耕作措施后,各处理土壤有机C、NO3-N以及速效P含量均有所提高,其中有机C含量比试验初期提高了4.92%~18.05%,NO3-N含量提高了17.98%~31.08%,速效P含量提高143.04%~212.87%。各处理土壤速效钾含量均有所下降,其中以NTS和TS降幅较小,仅为2.75%和6.26%。6 a间小麦和豌豆平均产量均以NTS最高(分别为2 030 kg·hm-2和1 381 kg·hm-2),而NT最低(1 608 kg·hm-2和1 060 kg·hm-2)。传统耕作秸秆还田能促进土壤耕层肥力的提高,但产量效应不明显;地膜覆盖有些年份增产效应明显,但不利于土壤肥力的持续提高。因此,在黄土高原西部旱农区实施免耕秸秆覆盖既有利于作物产量的提高,也可以改善耕层土壤肥力。     

Stem-base disease and fungal colonisation of winter wheat grown in compost inoculated with Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale

Fungal colonisation of winter wheat cv. Cadenza by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale was studied under conditions designed to avoid the splash dispersal of conidia from infested compost, to evaluate the possibility that systemic growth may transfer infection from the stem-base to the head. At decimal growth stages 33, 59, 77–87 and 95 the extent of fungal growth was assessed using a sample of 72 plants, by the recovery of fungal species from the stem-base, from each node and from the ear. Each of the fungi was recovered from stem tissues above soil level in some, apparently symptomless, plants. Symptoms of Fusarium foot rot were seen in an increasing proportion of plants during grain-fill and desiccation. There was an inverse relationship between recovery and the height above stem-base from which the stem tissue was excised. F. culmorum was the most frequently isolated fungus and it was also recovered from the highest position in plants. Only 3% of plants were colonised above the second node and none of the fungal species were recovered from either the fifth node or the ear. This suggests that colonisation and systemic growth from Fusarium infested compost is unlikely to contribute to the development of ear blight symptoms in winter wheat.     

旱地燕麦间作对土壤酶活性、微生物含量及产量的影响

本文通过研究内蒙古旱作区禾本科、豆科及茄科间作对土壤生物性状的影响,旨在揭示燕麦（Avena sativa Linn）与不同作物间作及其单作在土壤酶活性、微生物量及土地当量比（LER）等方面的优势机理。本试验设置燕麦、黑豆（Glycinemax（L.）merr）、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L）单作和黑豆间作燕麦、苜蓿间作燕麦、马铃薯间作燕麦共7个处理,探讨各处理对上述各指标的影响。结果表明：燕麦间作黑豆土地当量比最高,2015年和2016年分别为1.62和1.65。燕麦间作黑豆土壤脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性较苜蓿间作燕麦、马铃薯间作燕麦显著提高了5.00%~51.61%和5.73%~52.29%。2015年和2016年播种后75 d苜蓿间作燕麦土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著高于黑豆间作燕麦,分别提高了29.47%和40.56%。黑豆间作燕麦对比其他两间作处理土壤微生物的生物量碳、氮含量分别显著提高了2.70%~17.89%和11.36%~26.47%,土壤脲酶活性提高了1.51%~55.22%,蔗糖酶活性提高了5.73%~52.29%,是该地区最优的间作模式。     

作物和土壤中乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷消解研究

为评价乙酰甲胺磷在作物上使用的安全性,采用气相色谱法研究了不同气候条件(亚热带和暖温带)下的4种作物(甘蓝、萝卜、水稻、柑桔)和8个土壤样品(4种作物各自在两个试验地点的土壤)中乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷的消解情况。结果表明:乙酰甲胺磷在作物和土壤中均可代谢产生甲胺磷,作物中的2 h甲胺磷代谢产率主要由作物种类决定。作物中乙酰甲胺磷的消解半衰期为3.1~13.5 d,甲胺磷为2.7~12.8 d;土壤中乙酰甲胺磷的半衰期为1.4~6.4 d,甲胺磷为4.5~10.7 d。土壤pH值对乙酰甲胺磷的消解影响显著,其在碱性土壤中消解较快。具有较高净辐射的气候条件会促进乙酰甲胺磷及甲胺磷在作物中的消解,因此种植在暖温带气候条件下的作物上使用乙酰甲胺磷较种植在亚热带气候条件下的具有更高的甲胺磷残留风险。乙酰甲胺磷施用在叶菜类蔬菜上可能会有较高的甲胺磷残留风险,建议叶菜类蔬菜应谨慎使用乙酰甲胺磷。     

异噁草酮对土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响

本试验检测了异噁草酮处理土壤后土壤中微生物群落数量和土壤酶活性变化,目的在于研究异噁草酮对土壤微生态产生的影响。结果表明:土壤中异噁草酮有效成分浓度为200、500μg/kg和700μg/kg时,促进土壤中细菌和真菌数量增长,该数量在处理7d之内就会明显变化,并且此影响随异噁草酮使用浓度的提高而增强,但异噁草酮对放线菌的数量无显著影响。施用异噁草酮后,土壤酶活性反应程度由高到低的顺序为:转化酶多酚氧化酶过氧化氢酶。本研究中异噁草酮施入土壤后,除对多酚氧化酶有明显抑制作用,且该抑制作用在短时间内可恢复外,对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性都有促进作用。     

Vegetation fractional coverage change in a typical oasis region in Tarim River Watershed based on remote sensing

Vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system.The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing(RS).In this paper,the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers,which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed.The current study was based on the TM/ETM+ images of 1989,2001,and 2006,and supported by Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis,vegetation index,and dimidiate pixel model.In addition,VBSI(vegetation,bare soil and shadow indices) suitable for TM/ETM+ images,constructed with FCD(forest canopy density) model principle and put forward by ITTO(International Tropical Timber Organization),was used,and it was applied to estimate the VFC.The estimation accuracy was later proven to be up to 83.52%.Further,the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis.Forest,grassland,and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage,and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation.The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area,whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change.Therefore,planting trees,protecting grasslands,reclaiming farmlands,and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage.Finally,the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover digital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.     

红薯光合特征对土壤透气性的响应

通过盆栽试验研究了不同土壤质地和水分条件下红薯光合特性对土壤透气性的响应。结果表明:土壤透气性显著影响红薯叶片蒸腾速率和水分利用效率,随土壤透气性的增加,蒸腾速率显著降低,水分利用效率显著增加,红薯的光合作用不受土壤透气性的影响;透气性对红薯蒸腾和水分利用效率的影响与土壤质地有关,在沙土质地下,红薯的光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均不受透气性影响,而在壤土质地下,红薯的蒸腾速率随透气性的增加显著降低,而水分利用效率显著增加;透气性对红薯光合特性的影响与生育期有关,不同生育期内,红薯光合特征对土壤透气性的响应也不同。研究表明,在分析作物对土壤透气性的响应时,需要考虑土壤质地、水分条件和生育期的影响。     

基于季节特征的土壤退墒模型建立与率定

利用河南省南阳市2011—2015年12个墒情站的土壤水分监测资料,分析研究了无增墒情况下土壤含水量消退规律,构建出基于不同季节(夏季、春秋季与冬季)的土壤含水量与衰减系数的数学模型,运用规划求解法率定模型参数,并利用2016—2017年资料对模型进行检验。结果表明,不同季节土壤水分衰竭系数模型分别为α=1.023(1-ω~2/4353)~(1/2)(夏季)、α=1.013(1-ω~2/7005)~(1/2)(春秋季)与α=1.008(1-ω~2/9303)~(1/2)(冬季),所建立的数学模型适用于南阳市相应季节壤土与粘壤土小麦、水稻与休闲地土壤旱情预测,但不适用于夏季与春秋季砂土特别是休闲地砂土土壤墒情预测。     

棘孢木霉菌肥对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果及对连作黄瓜根际土壤微生物种群的影响

为明确棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum菌肥在防治黄瓜枯萎病的同时对连作黄瓜根际土壤微生物种群的影响,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)分析方法分别测定了棘孢木霉菌肥对连作4年的黄瓜根际棘孢木霉菌和尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum DNA拷贝数变化和黄瓜根际微生物种群的影响。结果表明:棘孢木霉菌肥对黄瓜幼苗期和速长期黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别为70.24%和76.81%,均与药剂对照的防效差异不显著。棘孢木霉菌的DNA拷贝数出现2个高峰期,即黄瓜苗期和盛果期,其DNA拷贝数分别为235 000.00 ng/μL和80 500.00 ng/μL。黄瓜速长期、盛果期、生长末期的尖孢镰孢菌DNA拷贝数分别为15.41、54.87和18.36 ng/μL,且显著低于同一时期药剂对照和清水对照。黄瓜幼苗期、速长期、开花期和盛果期根际土壤微生物丰度分别为2.24、1.98、2.52和2.12,均高于药剂对照。由此可见,棘孢木霉菌肥在防治黄瓜枯萎病的同时,还可以改善黄瓜连作土壤微生物种群结构。     

三种新烟碱类杀虫剂在土壤中的残留降解及影响因子

建立了吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪在土壤中的高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）检测方法。样品经乙腈提取和QuEChERS法净化后,采用HPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量,在0.01~1.0 mg/kg添加水平下,3种新烟碱类杀虫剂在土壤中的回收率在89%~103%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.3%~10.3%之间,定量限均为0.01 mg/kg。采用建立的方法,在室内模拟条件下,研究了土壤微生物、温度、土壤含水量及农药初始浓度对土壤中吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪降解的影响。结果表明:土壤微生物是影响农药残留降解的首要因素,灭菌处理土壤中农药残留降解速率明显低于非灭菌土壤。此外,环境温度、土壤含水量、初始浓度等因素也会对农药残留降解产生不同影响,土壤含水量为最大持水量的60%左右时降解最快,半衰期分别为15.6、7.2和25.8 d;农药初始浓度越高,降解速度越慢;在5~35℃范围内,随着温度的升高,降解速度加快。