大庆地区玉米出苗期土壤温度影响的试验研究——基于免耕覆盖技术

在黑龙江省大庆地区建立免耕覆盖对地温影响试验区,采用WQG-16型曲管地温表分别测定土壤地表下5cm和10cm两层温度,确定免耕覆盖对本地区玉米出苗期土壤温度的影响规律.结果表明:在5月20日前免耕覆盖(5～10cm)土层温度明显高于传统耕作,且其土壤温度比传统耕作早3天达到10℃以上;5月20日后传统耕作(5～10cm)土层温度高于免耕.     

不同耕作方式对中国东北黑土有机碳的短期影响

A tillage experiment, consisting of moldboard plow （MP）, ridge tillage （RT）, and no-tillage （NT）, was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates to study the effect of 3-year tillage management on SOC content and its distribution in surface layer （30 cm） of a clay loam soil in northeast China. NT did not lead to significant increase of SOC in topsoil （0-5 cm） compared with MP and RT; however, the SOC content in NT soil was remarkably reduced at a depth of 5-20 cm. Accordingly, short-term （3-year） NT management tended to stratify SOC concentration, but not necessarily increase its storage in the plow layer for the soil.     

免耕稻茬麦植株、土壤系统氮素平衡研究

研究表明，免耕稻茬麦吸收积累的氮素４９．４％来自肥料氮，氮肥的当季利用率为４５．９８％，植株对其依赖和谐高于旱作水浇麦。肥料氮土壤残留率为２７．８７％，回收率为７３．８４％，损失率为２６．１６％。百公斤籽粒和生物产量吸氮量分别为３．７０和１．４４ｋｇ。肥料氮的７２．４％分配到籽粒中，高于总氮的分配比例。返青、拔节、三叶及种肥的吸收率依次为９．７２％、１１．３５％、１０．７９％和７．０２％。三叶期液     

免耕覆盖对宁南山区土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响

宁南山区干旱频发、春旱突出,马铃薯播期土壤墒情不足、苗期干旱等问题,严重影响马铃薯的生长发育。该研究通过设置免耕条件下不同覆盖方式,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究不同覆盖耕作措施下土壤物理性状及马铃薯生长的影响。结果表明,与翻耕不覆盖相比,免耕覆盖可有效降低耕层土壤容重,改善土壤空隙状况,以免耕覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳。与翻耕不覆盖相比,免耕覆盖地膜和免耕覆盖秸秆处理可使0~20 cm土层5 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量显著增加,使20~40 cm土层2~5 mm机械稳定性团聚体的含量显著增加。免耕条件下不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土层土壤水分状况,免耕覆盖地膜对作物生长前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,免耕覆盖秸秆对作物生长中后期土壤水分状况的改善作用最佳。免耕条件下不同覆盖方式马铃薯植株株高、茎粗及地上部生物量均显著高于翻耕不覆盖,作物生育前期以免耕覆地膜处理效果最佳,中后期以免耕覆秸秆处理效果最明显。免耕覆秸秆处理的马铃薯产量和商品薯率最高,较翻耕不覆盖增产24.14%,商品薯率较翻耕不覆盖提高15.93%。可见,免耕覆盖秸秆措施具有良好的蓄水保墒效果,对马铃薯生长有利,其增产效果显著。该研究可为马铃薯高产高效栽培提供参考。     

Time-variable soil hydraulic properties in near-surface soil water simulations for different tillage methods

Simulating near-surface soil water dynamics is challenging since this soil compartment is temporally highly dynamic as response to climate and crop growth. For accurate simulations the soil hydraulic properties have to be properly known. Although there is evidence that these properties are subject to temporal changes, they are set constant over time in most simulations studies. The objective of this study was to improve near-surface soil water simulations by accounting for time-variable hydraulic properties. Repeated tension infiltrometer measurements over two consecutive seasons were used to inversely estimate the hydraulic properties of a silt loam soil under different tillage - conventional (CT), reduced (RT), and no-tillage (NT). Simulated water dynamics with constant and time-variable hydraulic parameters were compared to observed data in terms of the soil water content and water storage in the near-surface soil profile (0-30 cm). The measurements indicate a considerable temporal variability in the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the field-saturated water content and the parameter α of the van Genuchten/Mualem model. Temporal variability was largest for CT and RT, whereas under NT, replicates of measured water contents and hydraulic properties showed a considerable large spatial variability. Simulations with time-constant hydraulic parameters led to underestimations of soil water dynamics in winter and early spring and overestimations during late spring and summer. The use of time-variable hydraulic parameters significantly improved simulation performance for all treatments, resulting in average relative errors below 13%. Since simulation results agreed with observed water dynamics in two seasons, the applicability of inversely estimated hydraulic properties for soil water simulations is demonstrated. Thus, simulations that address applied questions in agricultural water management may be improved by using time-variable hydraulic parameters. The simulated water balance indicated that RT and NT result in better water storage than CT and therefore may increase water efficiency under water-limited climatic conditions.     

丘陵山区油菜免耕播种机的设计

采用免耕直播技术,在充分利用现有微耕机动力及行走机构的基础上,挂接油菜包衣种子播种器、施肥器和开沟部件,设计了2BM-4型油菜免耕播种机,并对其进行了田间播种试验。试验结果显示,2BM-4型油菜免耕播种机的播种均匀性好,能保证单位面积的基本苗数。2BM-4型油菜免耕播种机的研制既达到小型化的目的,又能提高现有微耕机的使用率。     

春小麦留茬处理对复种油菜产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了减少麦茬焚烧、控制麦茬焚烧污染及提高留茬的利用效率,2009年7－10月在石羊河绿洲灌区进行不同留茬处理（焚烧、翻耕和立茬免耕）对麦茬复种油菜的研究。结果表明,与休闲地相比,立茬免耕复种油菜可获得利润 3?275元/hm2;焚烧、翻耕（传统耕作）和立茬免耕处理的油菜籽粒产量分别为1?549、1?331和1?222 kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别为5.73、3.81和5.71 kg/hm2/mm,经济效益分别为4?485、2?929和3?275元/hm2;仅从作物籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益等方面考虑,秸秆焚烧处理达到最大值, 这就是焚烧屡禁不止的原因。尽管传统耕作的油菜籽粒产量高于立茬免耕,但传统耕作的水分利用效率和经济效益显著低于立茬免耕。立茬免耕具有环保、相对较高水分利用效率和经济效益等效果,尤其有利于环境保护和旱地农作,值得大面积推广。结合大田推广示范研究成果,提出适宜于石羊河绿洲灌区的留茬免耕机械直播复种油菜技术。     

MANAGEMENT OF UREA-CONTAINING FERTILIZERS FOR NO-TILLAGE CORN USING NITROGEN STABILIZERS AND COATED-GRANULE TECHNOLOGY

No-tillage production systems are being used by an increasing number of producers in the Great Plains, however, the large amount of surface residue left on the soil surface can made nitrogen (N) management difficult. There are several products currently available for use with granular urea (46% N) and urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) that have the ability to reduce or eliminated N losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of several N-fertilizer additives and a slow-release polymer coated urea product in a no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) production system. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2006–2008 at the North Central Kansas Experiment Field, located near Scandia, KS, on a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Pachic Arquistoll). When averaged over the 3-years of the experiment, the treated fertilizer products yielded greater than untreated urea or UAN. This occurred regardless of applied N-rate. The additive treated products along with the time release-polymer coated urea yield the same as ammonium nitrate. There were no significant differences among additive products. If producers wish to broadcast urea-containing N-fertilizer on the soil surface in high-residue production systems there are several N- additive options available that limit N loses and maximize grain yield with reduced environmental risk     

免耕播种机有支撑滚切式防堵装置设计与试验

针对玉米秸秆覆盖、留茬地免耕播种时存在根茬和玉米秸秆不易破除等问题,设计一种同时设有被动卧式旋转部件和主动卧式旋转部件的有支撑滚切式防堵装置,通过试验和理论分析的方法分别设计被动切割刀片和主动切割刀片,其中被动切割刀片的刀刃曲线采用等滑切角曲线,主动切割刀片的刀刃曲线采用阿基米德螺线。为确定刀刃曲线最佳参数进行土槽试验,分别对主动卧式旋转刀具和被动卧式旋转刀具进行二次旋转组合试验,运用Design-Expert软件建立各因素与各指标之间的回归方程,得出最佳参数组合为:主动卧式旋转刀具转动速度为120 r/min、主动切割刀片回转半径为240 mm;被动切割刀片回转半径为185 mm,被动切割刀片作业深度为95 mm;并此状态下进行田间验证试验,得出玉米秸秆根茬切断率平均值为91.3%,单把主动刀片功率消耗平均值为145.2 W,该研究可为玉米留茬覆盖地免耕播种机整机设计提供参考。