A 3-Year Adaptation Study of Three Distinct Grapevine Cultivars under Midwestern Field Conditions

Simultaneous responses of American (Concord), European (Pinot Noir), and American-European hybrid (Traminette) cultivars to seasonal and diurnal variation in field environmental conditions were assessed to propose suitable cultivars for potential use for selection and breeding in grapevines in dry areas. ‘Pinot Noir’ had higher gas exchange parameters, higher water potential, and chlorophyll fluorescence, while ‘Concord’ had the lowest values in all three seasons and experienced moderate stress by the end of each season. The dry conditions in 2005 caused water potential to decline sharply compared to values recorded in 2004 and 2006. ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Traminette’ exhibited a mild stress, while ‘Concord’ exhibited a moderate stress in 2006. Photosynthetic rate decreased slightly during the summer with a slight recovery at the beginning of September, and did not differ across the seasons among cultivars. Stomatal conductance followed the same pattern. However, in both 2004 and 2005, stomatal conductance dropped sharply late in the season because of frequently occurring high temperatures that were greater than 32 °C. Maximum morning values of Fv/Fm were within the optimal range. The study suggests the presence of marginal photoinhibition during mid-summer in Concord cultivars, because no full recovery of photochemical efficiency early in the evening was observed. The European cultivar (Pinot Noir) and the American-European hybrid (Traminette) are more adapted to field conditions in Kansas than Concord cultivars. However, high cold-mortality of Pinot Noir due to high sensitivity to cold winter temperature makes the hybrid cultivars the most suitable cultivar for Midwest regions with relatively cold winters.     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

Carbohydrate and crude protein fractions in perennial ryegrass as affected by defoliation frequency and nitrogen application rate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of defoliation frequency (either at two‐ or three‐leaf stage) and nitrogen (N) application rate (0, 75, 150, 300, 450 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) on herbage carbohydrate and crude protein (CP) fractions, and the water‐soluble carbohydrate‐to‐protein ratio (WSC:CP) in perennial ryegrass swards. Crude protein fractions were analysed according to the Cornell carbohydrate and protein system. Carbohydrate fractions were analysed by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography. Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP, reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage (P < 0·001). The effect of defoliation frequency was less marked during early spring and autumn (P < 0·001) than for the rest of the seasons. An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC, fructans and neutral detergent fibre (P < 0·001), and positively associated with CP and nitrate (N‐NO₃) contents of herbage. Nitrogen application rate did not affect CP fractions of herbage (P > 0·05). The fluctuations in CP and WSC contents of herbage resulted in lower WSC:CP ratios during early spring and autumn (0·45:1 and 0·75:1 respectively) than in late spring (1·11:1). The herbage WSC:CP ratio was greater (P < 0·001) at the three‐leaf than the two‐leaf defoliation stage and declined as the N application increased in all seasons (P < 0·001). The results of this study indicate that CP and carbohydrate fractions of herbage can be manipulated by sward defoliation frequency and N application rate. The magnitude of these effects, however, may vary with the season.     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

冬小麦品种干旱胁迫后的恢复能力与水分利用效率的关系

为探讨营养生长期干旱胁迫-复水后的恢复力作为品种群体水平水分利用效率(WUE)鉴定指标的可能性,以冬小麦品种‘晋麦47’和‘京411’及其34个近等基因系为材料,利用半自动防雨棚与渗漏池开展模拟干旱实验,于拔节初期干旱较严重时复水,测定复水后的生物量积累作为恢复力,同时测定营养生长期末的株高以及品种/系的群体WUE,分析材料之间恢复力、株高、和群体WUE之间的差异,以及恢复力与群体WUE之间的相关性。结果发现,部分冬小麦品种/系之间恢复力达到显著差异,恢复力受基因型和生长环境共同影响,并且两者存在一定程度的互作。34个近等基因系与亲本在株高和群体WUE上均存在显著差异,品种/系的恢复力与株高之间呈显著的正相关关系,恢复力与株高分别与群体的产量水平的WUE呈极显著正相关关系。该研究结果初步表明,胁迫-复水后的恢复力可以作为品种在干旱条件下群体WUE鉴定评价的指标。     

秸秆生物炭对黄土区农田土壤养分和作物生长的影响

旨在探索生物炭对黄土区农田的具体应用效果。采用大田试验,在不施氮肥和施氮肥(187.5 kg/hm2)处理下,分别设计了不同生物炭用量(0、6、12、24、48 t/hm2)试验,来观察对黄土高原农田土壤养分和玉米生长的影响。结果发现：当施入187.5 kg/hm2氮肥时,24~48 t/hm2范围内的生物炭施用量对土壤养分促进作用效果最佳,其中48 t/hm2时全氮超出对照26.6%,碱解氮可超过对照约27.67%;6~12 t/hm2的范围时,玉米茎粗、叶绿素在生长中期均相对处于优势,且玉米养分含量和产量结果优于生物炭量大的处理。不施氮的情况下,生物炭也可促进土壤和玉米籽粒养分的积累。其中6~12 t/hm2时,土壤和玉米籽粒养分含量相对较高;24~48 t/hm2时玉米产量结果最佳,比对照高1468.2 kg/hm2,约13.39%。结果表明,生物炭的添加对土壤的养分影响较大,且一定程度上依赖于氮肥的投入情况。     

不同类型肥料对甘薯产量和氮效率的影响

为了找到比较适合甘薯增产的肥料,采用田间小区试验的方法,在投入等量氮磷钾养分情况下,比较4种不同类型肥料(施可丰复合肥、土壤所包膜肥、金正大包膜肥、史丹利复合肥)的氮肥效率,以无氮处理、普通尿素、习惯施肥为对照。结果表明:施可丰复合肥对甘薯的增产效果明显,产量达到29940 kg/hm2,显著高于无氮处理、普通尿素处理(P0.05),与习惯施肥相比增产8.92%,另外,收获时氮肥利用率最高,pH值降低小,在甘薯吸氮量最高时,施可丰复合肥氮素释放最高,符合甘薯的氮肥吸收规律,在甘薯生产上是值得推荐的。     

两种不同镁盐在牛粪堆肥高温期的保氮效果研究

利用恒温培养箱模拟堆肥高温期,添加硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾和含镁废渣,研究磷酸铵镁(MAP)反应中各成分的保氮效果以及含镁废渣作为堆肥过程中氮素固定剂的可行性。结果表明:添加镁盐固定剂显著降低了堆体中的pH值,减少了氮素损失。同时添加硫酸镁和磷酸二氢钾的保氮效果最佳,添加相同比例的含镁废渣和硫酸镁的保氮效果无显著差别。含镁废渣添加量的保氮效果与其添加量成正相关,添加质量比为2%、4%、8%的含镁废渣的保氮率分别为6.15%、10.13%、19.51%。添加镁盐会提高堆体中的EC值,降低GI值,各处理均可达到腐熟。说明可以利用镁盐作为堆肥保氮固定剂,而含镁废渣因其价格低廉,更具应用前景。     

氮硫互作对大蒜植株生长的影响

为探究氮硫互作对大蒜植株生长的影响,以‘新疆白皮蒜’为试材,研究无机基质栽培条件下不同氮硫互作水平对大蒜农艺性状、叶绿素含量以及根系活力的影响。试验结果表明,不同生长阶段氮硫互作对大蒜株高、茎粗、植株鲜重、干重、鳞茎鲜重均有不同程度的增促效果,但氮或硫单一元素对其影响不一;大蒜生长过程中叶绿素含量与根系活力呈先升高后降低趋势,氮硫互作对其均有显著影响,且氮和硫素单一元素也显著影响大蒜根系活性。综合来看,大蒜生长过程中氮硫互作效果显著,在氮素20 mmol/L、硫素4 mmol/L条件下收获的鳞茎重量最大。     

基于生态可持续的土地利用空间格局分配

土地作为人文社会和自然生态系统之间的重要纽带,土地利用变化成为全球变化研究中的重要部分,研究土地利用的结构优化,对实现土地资源的可持续利用有着重要的意义,是可持续发展的核心问题。笔者采用空间叠加和综合指数的方法,以生态因素作为土地利用空间分配的限制因子,模拟预测了基于生态可持续背景因素下中国土地利用变化未来空间分布格局。结果显示:土地利用数量分配和空间格局两方面具有明显的区域差异性,耕地主要分布在传统农区华中区和华东区,林地则主要分布在西南山区和东北区,草地则集中在西部和北部地区,建设用地主要集中在华东地区;考虑生态可持续因素,并以生态可持续为限制因子进行土地利用空间格局分配时,更加有利于土地利用各个类型的因地制宜和适宜性选择,生态功能区更加突出,分配格局更加合理。