Effects of Interaction of Soil Moisture and Organic Matter on Powdery Mildew Disease and Growth of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance

Taking annual Heracl'eum moellendorffii Hance as the material, this research studied the epidemic dynamics of H. moellendorffii Hance powdery mildew and plant growth by using the interactive methods of soil moisture and soil organic matter. The results showed that the interaction of higher soil moisture content (60％-80％) and soil organic matter content (75-100 g · kg-1) had few diseases, dosease index and area under disease progression curve (AUDPC) compared with those of other treatments, thus could effectivley control powdery mildew disease. Moreover, higher soil moisture and organic matter content increased the yield, contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, vitamin C and coumarin in H. moellendorffii Hance.     

密云水库库区不同植物篱模式下的氮磷阻控效应

筛选拦截效果最佳、经济效益最佳的植物篱模式,为密云水库水源保护区控制坡耕地氮磷流失提供技术参考。设置“桔梗+狗牙根”“丹参+狗牙根”“桑树+野牛草”“黄芩+野牛草”4种不同的植物篱模式,监测2020年天然降水条件下的地表径流、泥沙以及养分情况,分析不同植物篱模式下径流小区的产流和产沙情况,探讨不同植物篱对坡耕地地表径流、泥沙和养分的拦截效率及其影响因素。结果表明：4种植物篱种植模式都能够起到截流减沙,减轻水环境富营养化的作用,从而避免对下游水体的污染。其中“桑树+野牛草”植物篱效果最为显著,大雨雨强下可以减流57.96%,减沙96.64%,暴雨雨强下可以减流64.63%,减沙97.17%;对氮的相对拦截量为93.14 mg,相对拦截率约88.27%;对磷的相对拦截量为25.17 mg,相对拦截率约80.72%,能有效减少地表径流中的氮、磷含量。在考虑经济效益、社会效益和生态效益下,开展植物篱防控面源污染工作中,最佳的物种选择为“桑树+野牛草”,其次为“黄芩+野牛草”。野牛草在防控水土流失与面源污染方面效果十分显著,可以作为水土保持的先锋植物推广。     

白浆型水稻土生物硅肥的应用效果

通过田间试验研究了生物硅肥的施用效果。试验结果表明:生物硅肥可以提高水稻的抗逆性和产量,施硅肥各处理产量均表现为高于对照,平均增产7.3%,在白浆土上每公顷基施150kg生物硅肥处理,增产最高,增产率达15%。     

硅肥生产技术综述

综述了国内外硅肥发展概况以及粉煤灰硅肥、高炉渣硅肥的生产工艺。分析了国内利用粉煤灰、高炉渣生产硅肥发展缓慢的原因,并指出了今后对粉煤灰硅肥、高炉渣硅肥研究的重点。最后评估了利用粉煤灰、炼铁炉渣开发硅肥的经济效益和社会效益,这将为粉煤灰、高炉渣综合利用开辟提供有价值的参考。     

施氮对苜蓿初花期光合日变化、叶片形态及干物质产量的影响

通过研究不同氮素水平下滴灌苜蓿叶片形态特征、光合日变化规律,分析不同施氮水平下滴灌苜蓿光合日变化、叶片形态与干物质产量的关系,以期进一步揭示施氮对紫花苜蓿干物质及产量形成的影响机制,进而为优化实际生产中紫花苜蓿的氮管理策略提供理论依据。采用单因素随机区组设计,设置0(CK)、60(N₁)、120(N₂)和180kg·hm^-2(N₃)共4个施氮水平,在紫花苜蓿初花期对光合日变化、叶片形态、叶片氮含量和苜蓿产量构成进行测定。结果表明,施氮处理下苜蓿的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均高于不施氮处理,施氮处理的苜蓿叶片胞间CO₂浓度低于不施氮处理。对净光合速率和蒸腾速率综合影响最大的环境因子是光合有效辐射。随着施氮量的增加,紫花苜蓿的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶重,以及叶片干重、茎秆干重、干物质产量、叶片氮含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同施氮水平下,对叶片形态结构影响最大的为叶面积,其次分别为比叶重、叶长和叶宽,对苜蓿干物质产量影响从大到小依次为叶片氮含量>...     

杂交水稻抛秧栽培大田肥料科学运筹的研究

通过对杂交水稻抛秧栽培大田肥料运筹小区试验结果进行分析研究,找出符合该种栽培生育特点的肥料运筹方法:重施基肥,少施或不施蘖肥,稳施穗粒肥。增产效果较对照达极显著水平。     

添加剂对番茄茎秆好氧堆肥发酵过程及氮素损失的影响

为研究减少在番茄茎秆好氧堆肥过程中氮素损失的途径,提高堆肥品质,以粉碎的番茄茎秆为原料,按物料干重分别加入5%的腐殖酸(T1)、氯化钙(T2)和过磷酸钙(T3),同时以不进行任何添加的堆体作为对照(CK),进行45 d的好氧堆肥试验。结果表明：3种添加剂均可降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失,同时减少了NH₃的挥发量;堆肥结束时,CK、T1、T2和T3处理的氮素损失率分别为18.04%、15.00%、12.65%和14.05%,累计NH₃挥发量为CK(1 648.11 mg/kg)>T1(1 330.35 mg/kg)>T3(995.35 mg/kg)>T2(528.11 mg/kg)。其中,添加氯化钙的处理保氮效果最好,与对照相比,氮素损失率低至12.65%,NH₃挥发量减少67.96%;各处理高温期均≥3 d,发芽指数≥80%,表明堆体已经腐熟,无植物毒性。综上,番茄茎秆好氧堆肥中添加氯化钙,对于减少堆肥过程中的氮素损失较为理想。本研究可为番茄茎秆好氧堆肥保氮工艺优化提供理论依据。     

EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

• Livestock manure was the main organic waste in urban and peri-urban areas.• Manure production will increase by a factor of 3–10 between 2015–2050.• Only 13%–38% of excreted N by livestock will be recycled in croplands.• Intensification of urban livestock production greatly increased N surpluses.• Reducing population growth and increasing livestock productivity needed.Urban population growth is driving the expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in developing countries. UPA is providing nutritious food to residents but the manures produced by UPA livestock farms and other wastes are not properly recycled. This paper explores the effects of four scenarios: (1) a reference scenario (business as usual), (2) increased urbanization, (3) UPA intensification, and (4) improved technology, on food-protein self-sufficiency, manure nitrogen (N) recycling and balances for four different zones in a small city (Jimma) in Ethiopia during the period 2015-2050. An N mass flow model with data from farm surveys, field experiments and literature was used. A field experiment was conducted and N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values differed among the five types of composts derived from urban livestock manures and kitchen wastes. The N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values were used in the N mass flow model.Livestock manures were the main organic wastes in urban areas, although only 20 to 40% of animal-sourced food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14 to 19% of protein intake by residents was animal-based. Scenarios indicate that manure production in UPA will increase 3 to 10 times between 2015 and 2050, depending on urbanization and UPA intensification. Only 13 to 38% of manure N will be recycled in croplands. Farm-gate N balances of UPA livestock farms will increase to>1 t·ha⁻¹ in 2050. Doubling livestock productivity and feed protein conversion to animal-sourced food will roughly halve manure N production.Costs of waste recycling were high and indicate the need for government incentives. Results of these senarios are wake-up calls for all stakeholders and indicate alternative pathways.     

浅谈鹤岗市农作物施肥存在的问题及解决对策

对目前农业生产中,由于施肥不当而存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了改进措施和解决对策,对引导农民进行科学施肥和促进农业的高产、高效具有十分重要的意义.     

黄泥田晚稻肥料效应的研究

肥料是作物增产的重要因素。在农田施肥实践中,氮、磷、钾肥最佳用量及合理配比因土壤不同而不同。为此,采用3个因子4、个不同施肥用量水平,展开了黄泥田氮磷钾肥料效应的试验,推荐了最佳施肥用量。