不同水解程度丝素肽对黑色素生成抑制能力的研究

探讨了脱胶丝素经盐溶解后进行碱水解时 ,不同条件对丝素水解程度及不同水解程度丝素肽对蚕血黑色素生成的抑制能力的影响 .结果发现 ,温度对丝素的水解程度影响最大 ,时间其次 ,浓度的影响最小 ;丝素蛋白液未水解时 ,其对黑色素抑制率很低 ,只有 2 8.34% ,而丝素水解后 ,抑制率迅速提高到 4 8.95 % ,并且随着水解程度的加深不断提高 ,当氨基氮浓度达 0 .4 76 5g·L-1时 ,其对黑色素生成抑制率达最高值 6 7.14 % ;之后 ,随着水解程度的增加 ,其黑色素生成抑制率反而下降 .     

不同形态氮素及ABA和6-BA对烟草生长、养分吸收及其在体内分配的影响

研究表明，铵态氮抑制植物生长可能与植物体内源激素水平的变化有关。为证实不同形态氮在植物体内的作用，通过结合使用植物激素脱落酸（ABA）及6－苄基腺嘌呤（6－BA），研究了NH4^ -N和NO3^--N对烟草生长、叶片蒸腾、养分吸收及在体内分配的影响。与供应NO3^--N不仅抑制了植物生长、阳离子吸收，而且抑制了植物的蒸腾，表明NH4^ -N处理导致至少部分气孔关闭。供应NO3^--N条件下，用ABA喷施叶片也能降低叶片蒸腾，但对烟株生长及养分吸收基本没有影响。6－BA不能明显缓解NH4^ -N对植物生长的抑制作用。     

氮素水平对不同穗型水稻品种植株衰老和产量的影响

在大田条件下，研究了两种氮素水平对直、弯穗水稻品种植株生长、叶片衰老和产量的影响。结果表明，高氮条件下两品种的朱粗度和叶片性状均优于低氮条件。增施氮肥能提高剑叶的叶绿素含量，延长叶绿素含量缓降期，使植株在生育后期能保持较高的绿叶面积；同时能提高剑叶的全氮含量，延长光合速率高值持续期，增加植株的干物质积累和籽粒产量。在同一氮素水平下，直立穗型品种的植株粗度、剑叶活力、籽粒灌浆速率、千粒重、生物产量及籽粒产量均略优于弯曲穗型品种。     

牛肉酶解条件和饮料加工技术研究

采用酶解技术和发酵技术,对酶解牛肉蛋白饮料的生产工艺进行了研究。正交试验结果表明,在胃蛋白酶酶浓度(与底物之比)为8g/kg,温度35℃,pH2.5条件下水解3h,水解后游离氨基酸含量由原来的10.7mg/kg增加到14.7mg/kg,变化不明显;木瓜蛋白酶在酶浓度(与底物之比)为8g/kg,温度60℃,pH7条件下水解4h,水解后游离氨基酸含量由原来的10.7mg/kg增加到40.1mg/kg,增加了将近4倍。对比试验结果说明,木瓜蛋白酶比胃蛋白酶更适于牛肉酶解。酶解后的水解液接入30g/kg的嗜热链球菌(S.t)和保加利亚杆菌(L.b)发酵2h过滤后,酶解液风味得到明显改善,并产生了特殊的发酵风味,适于做保健饮品。牛肉饮料配方:牛肉酶解发酵过滤液80g/kg,麦芽糖30g/kg,蔗糖45g/kg,乳化稳定剂3g/kg,柠檬酸等酸味调节剂和香精适量,调pH为3.8～4.0。产品符合牛肉饮料标准和国家相关标准。     

The growth of tagestes erecta,petunia hybrida nana compacta and myosotis alpestris in a range of peat‐based container media

Abstract

The dry matter yield and nitrogen content of marigold (Tagestes erecta), petunia (Petunia hybrida nana compacta) and forget‐me‐not (Myosotis alpestris) plants growing in a range of peat‐based container media amended with different proportions of either sand, perlite, pumice, sawdust, bark chips or soil were studied under glasshouse nursery conditions.

Plant responses differed between species as manifested by their different correlations with measured moisture and aeration characteristics of the media. Marigold and petunia were adversely affected by excessive moisture content as demonstrated by their negative correlation with micropore water and container capacity. However, forget‐me‐not, being adapted to relatively high moisture regimes, responded adversely to increased aeration.     

Effects of Carbofuran on Availability of Macronutrients and Growth of Tomato Plants in Natural Soils and Soils Amended with Inorganic Fertilizers and Vermicompost

The effects of lower field rate (LFR), field rate (FR), and higher field rate (HFR) applications of carbofuran on ammonium (NH₄)-nitrogen (N), nitrate (NO₃)-N, available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K) contents in natural soils and those amended with inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost on the growth of tomato plants were studied. The NH₄-N, NO₃-N, available P, and available K contents increased up to FR but the most significant increase in was observed at LFR of carbofuran application. At HFR there was a significant reduction in nutrient availability. With passage of time all these parameters increase up to 30 days; thereafter, a decrease was observed up to the end of the experiment in both unamended and amended soils. The greater plant growth was observed at LFR of carbofuran application and at HFR the plants exhibited phytotoxicity in the form of marginal leaf scorching in both systems. The morphological growth parameters of tomato plants were positively correlated with nutrients availability.     

高寒区施肥和混播对燕麦人工草地土壤碳氮储量及垂直分布特征的影响

了解高寒地区燕麦人工草地在燕麦品种、施肥措施和混播水平下土壤碳氮储量潜力及垂直分布动态,为高寒地区燕麦人工草地建植提供理论依据。采用4个燕麦品种（A1：青燕1号,Avena sativa cv. Qingyan No.1;A2：林纳,A. sativa cv. Lena;A3：青海444,A. sativa cv. Qinghai 444;A4：青海甜燕麦,A. sativa cv. Qinghai）、4个施肥水平（B1：不施任何肥料,CK0;B2：尿素75kg/hm2+磷酸二铵150kg/hm2,IM;B3：有机肥1500 kg/hm2,OM;B4：尿素37.5 kg/hm2+磷酸二铵75 kg/hm2+有机肥750 kg/hm2,IM+OM）和4个箭筈豌豆混播水平（C1：0 kg/hm2;C2：45 kg/hm2;C3：60 kg/hm2;C4：75 kg/hm2）的三因素四水平正交试验设计[L16(45)],在燕麦拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、乳熟期和收获后期研究了3个因素对高寒区燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量的影响极其垂直分布特征,为高寒区燕麦人工草地土壤固C、固N潜力评估提供理论依据。品种、施肥和混播均显著影响了燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量。3个因素在作物生长期对土壤C储量的积累的影响大小表现为施肥＞混播＞品种,收获后期表现为混播＞施肥＞品种;各时期对土壤N储量的影响大小均表现为施肥＞混播＞品种。采用尿素37.5 kg/hm2+磷酸二铵75 kg/hm2+有机肥750 kg/hm2的施肥处理,混播75 kg/hm2箭筈豌豆建植的燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量最高。施肥措施造成燕麦人工草地各时期不同土层间土壤C、N储量的差异。在3种措施影响下燕麦人工草地0~50cm土层土壤C、N储量潜力分别为176.78 t/hm2和11.78 t/hm2。土壤C、N随着土层的加深而逐渐下降,0~20cm土层土壤C、N储量显著高于其它土层。     

Marker‐assisted parentage analysis reveals high individual selfing rates in tetraploid red clover genotypes selected for seed yield

Seed yield is a major breeding target in tetraploid red clover. We investigated if marker‐assisted parentage analysis can identify progeny plants with two high seed‐yielding parents in tetraploid red clover and if this technique is more advantageous than traditional half‐sib selection. Parentage analysis was successfully performed on the progeny from the 10% highest seed‐yielding genotypes from a second‐cycle family selection trial: 16.0% of progeny were identified with a high seed‐yielding father. However, progeny plants with two high seed‐yielding parents did not produce more seeds than traditionally selected progeny (27.3 g vs. 30.7 g/plant, respectively). The 10% highest seed‐yielding genotypes displayed on average 2% self‐fertilization. Four genotypes were self‐fertile with individual selfing rates up to 20%. Our results discourage the use of marker‐assisted parentage analysis to improve seed yield in tetraploid red clover when the material has been preselected for seed yield. Breeders should be aware that intensive selection for seed yield in tetraploid red clover may inadvertently lead to selection for increased self‐fertility, which may increase inbreeding in the long term.     

滴灌模式和水分调控对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与分配及水分利用的影响

采用裂区试验设计探究了地下滴灌和地表滴灌(drip underground, DU; drip surface, DS)模式下土壤水分调控(分别为田间持水量的40%～50%、60%～70%和80%～90%,记为W40、W60和W80)对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,DU处理的吐丝后氮素积累量及水分利用效率分别较DS显著提高了6.18%和4.85%～8.61%。夏玉米的干物质、氮素指标及产量对滴灌模式的响应依赖于土壤水分调控水平,在W40和W60处理条件下,DU处理显著增加夏玉米的净光合速率,提高了吐丝后干物质和氮素的积累量及向籽粒的转运,最终DU处理的干物质积累量、籽粒氮素积累量、产量及氮肥偏生产力分别提高了3.29%～19.94%、?1.10%～20.65%、3.29%～19.94%和3.31%～23.64%。而在W80处理条件下, DS处理的干物质积累量、吐丝后氮素积累量、产量及蒸散量比DU处理分别提高了6.80%～12.24%、5.93%、8.39%～14.91%和9.73%～14.57%。综上所述,在限水灌溉条件下,地下滴灌能够增加吐丝后干物质积累量、氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,最终增加产量。在充分供水条件下,地表滴灌更有利于干物质及氮素的积累,但由于消耗过多的水分,因此水分利用效率未显著增加。     

有机肥等氮替代化肥对红壤团聚体及玉米产量和品质的影响

为研究有机肥等氮替代化肥对土壤结构、玉米产量和品质的影响,设置有机肥等氮替代化肥的10%（M10）、20%（M20）、30%（M30）、40%（M40）,以单施化肥（M0）和不施肥（CK）为对照6个施肥处理,测定玉米不同生育期的土壤团聚体变化状况。结果表明：随有机肥等氮部分替代化肥比例的增加,玉米各生育期土壤>0.25mm水稳性团聚体（R_0.25）、平均质量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GWD）不断增加,团聚体破坏率（PAD）、分形维数（D）不断降低。与M0处理相比,M30和M40处理显著提高了玉米子粒产量,表现为M30>M40;M20、M30、M40处理较M0处理玉米子粒蛋白质含量显著增加了13.29%~25.03%,淀粉含量显著增加了39.84%~114.06%,可溶性糖含量显著增加了36.49%~54.05%;蛋白质含量表现为M30和M20处理显著大于M40处理,M30与M20处理间差异不显著;淀粉含量表现为M40>M30>M20,差异显著;可溶性糖含量表现为M40和M30处理显著大于M20处理,M30与M40处理间差异不显著。玉米子粒产量和品质与抽雄期、成熟期土壤团聚体R_0.25呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与PAD、D值呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。因此,玉米生产中,利用有机肥等氮替代化肥培肥土壤,需兼顾玉米产量和品质,30%为适宜的有机肥等氮替代化肥比例。