Effects of Addition of Three Types of Biochar on the Soil Nitrogen Balance and Cotton Yield

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biochar addition on the soil N balance and cotton yield in a drip-irrigated cotton field. The experiment included four soil amendments: control, cotton straw biochar, corn cob biochar, and poultry manure biochar. The biochar was applied at a rate of 4.5 t·hm^－2 except control. The results showed that all three types of biochar significantly reduced both the apparent soil N loss and the N surplus. The effect of cotton straw biochar treatment was most significant, relative to the control. Plant nitrogen uptake differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order cotton straw biochar > poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar. Cotton yield also differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar, and cotton straw biochar.     

基于叶气温差的生育中期冬小麦水分亏缺诊断研究

为了获取叶片尺度基于叶气温差的冬小麦生育中期水分亏缺诊断阈值,分析了冬小麦叶气温差的典型日变化及其与土壤水分、空气温度及太阳辐射等因子的相互关系,揭示了冬小麦叶气温差对光合气体交换参数的影响,确定了冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值及叶气温差范围。结果表明,冬小麦叶气温差在不同的土壤水分条件下表现出不同的日变化规律,随光量子通量增加而升高,随土壤水分、气温增加而降低;4、5和6月冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值范围分别为0.7~1.3、1.1~2.0和0.9~1.5,叶气温差控制范围分别为-1.2~0.4、-1.5~-1和-1.25~-0.9℃。     

Can additional N fertiliser ameliorate the elevated CO2‐induced depression in grain and tissue N concentrations of wheat on a high soil N background?

Elevated CO₂ stimulates crop yields but leads to lower tissue and grain nitrogen concentrations [N], raising concerns about grain quality in cereals. To test whether N fertiliser application above optimum growth requirements can alleviate the decline in tissue [N], wheat was grown in a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment facility in a low‐rainfall cropping system on high soil N. Crops were grown with and without addition of 50–60 kg N/ha in 12 growing environments created by supplemental irrigation and two sowing dates over 3 years. Elevated CO₂ increased yield and biomass (on average by 25%) and decreased biomass [N] (3%–9%) and grain [N] (5%). Nitrogen uptake was greater (20%) in crops grown under elevated CO₂. Additional N supply had no effect on yield and biomass, confirming high soil N. Small increases in [N] with N addition were insufficient to offset declines in grain [N] under elevated CO₂. Instead, N application increased the [N] in straw and decreased N harvest index. The results suggest that conventional addition of N does not mitigate grain [N] depression under elevated CO₂, and lend support to hypotheses that link decreases in crop [N] with biochemical limitations rather than N supply.     

四种柱花草种子萌发中参与氮代谢的酶活性变化

研究了4种柱花草种子萌发过程中参与氮代谢的蛋白酶、肽酶和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,蛋白酶的活性随着柱花草种子萌发的深入而不断上升,在种子即将露白胚根突破种皮的时候蛋白酶活性达到最大值。此后,随着胚芽的生长蛋白酶活性逐渐降低,其中热研2号柱花草的蛋白酶活性高于其他3种;肽酶活性的变化总体呈上升趋势;硝酸还原酶呈S型变化。了解柱花草种子萌发期各种酶活性的变化规律,为深入研究柱花草种子萌发时贮藏物质的动员和代谢机理提供数据。     

基于S7-300的物流供应线故障自动判断

运用西门子S7-300PLC的逻辑判断功能、设计并调试了流水线的故障判断程序.实现了流线设备之间的顺序启动、停机、故障诊断.     

不同叶龄蘖、穗氮肥组合对粳稻产量及氮素利用的影响

以主茎叶片数不同的粳稻品种吉粳88 (14片)、沈农265 (15片)和沈农1401 (16片)为试材,采用大田筒栽方式,在总施氮量225kghm–2及轻简施肥(基肥、蘖肥、穗肥)模式基础上,设置基蘖肥∶穗肥6∶4和8∶2两种施肥比例,并分设不同源、库叶龄期施氮组合即不同叶龄蘖、穗肥精确施氮组合。分析了不同源库期氮肥运筹模式对水稻农艺性状、产量及氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在有效穗数、分化颖花数、产量和氮素利用率方面,吉粳88、沈农265、沈农1401不同氮肥运筹下最佳蘖、穗肥叶龄组合均为6∶4显著高于8∶2。(2)不同氮肥运筹下,吉粳88在8叶(叶龄指数57.1%)、沈农265在9叶(叶龄指数60.0%)、沈农1401在10叶(叶龄指数62.5%)时,即叶龄指数在60%左右时,施用蘖肥效果最佳,最终穗数最多,对保蘖起主要作用;吉粳88在11叶(叶龄指数78.6%)、沈农265在12叶(叶龄指数80.0%)、沈农1401在13叶(叶龄指数81.3%)时,即叶龄指数在80%左右时,施用穗肥效果最佳,最终穗粒数最多,对促花起主要作用。(3)吉粳88-6∶4 (8, 11),沈农265-6∶4 (9, 12),沈农1401-6∶4 (10, 13) 3组处理,在产量、氮素积累量、氮素吸收利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力等方面,显著高于同品种不同叶龄蘖、穗氮肥组合中的其他处理。因此,适当延迟蘖肥施用叶龄期(叶龄指数60%左右)、提前穗肥施用叶龄期(叶龄指数80%左右)同时增加穗肥施用比例,既可以显著提高氮素积累量、氮素吸收利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力,又能显著促进成穗率的提高和颖花数的分化,达到保蘖促花的双重作用,实现优源、扩库、充实的目标,从而获得高产。     

猪皮炎肾病综合征诊断与防治

猪皮炎肾病综合症是由圆环病毒二型感染引起的一种以猪皮肤表面出现红疹、丘疹、结痂或坏死,肾脏严重肿大为主要临床特征的常见传染性疾病。皮炎肾病综合症主要危害生长猪和育肥猪。受病毒感染后,患病猪表现为生长发育不良,免疫功能受到严重抑制,易继发感染其他传染性疾病,表现出复杂的临床症状,给生猪养殖业造成严重损失和危害。防范疾病的发生流行,需要掌握猪皮炎肾病综合症的具体流行特点、临床表现,并采取针对有效措施进行诊断,然后构建有效的防控措施,短时间内控制病情,避免损失进一步加大。该文主要论述猪皮炎肾病综合症的流行特点、临床症状、病理变化、诊断方法和防治措施。     

增密减氮对弱筋小麦‘宁麦13’产量和品质的影响

为实现弱筋小麦优质稳产,解决当前弱筋小麦存在品质稳定性差的问题。本试验以弱筋小麦‘宁麦13’为试材,结合方差分析等方法研究增密减氮对弱筋小麦的产量、群体质量指标以及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,在240 kg/hm²施氮水平条件下,随着密度的增加,小麦LAI、干物质积累量均呈先增加后下降的趋势,密度超过240×10⁴/hm²会导致LAI、干物质积累量、产量下降。在240×10⁴/hm²密度条件下,施氮量超过240 kg/hm²会导致小麦叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量下降。适当的增密减氮有利于提高弱筋小麦的优质稳产,而过量增密减氮则会导致小麦产量下降,品质不稳定。为实现产量和品质的最优化,生产上推荐采用种植密度为240×10⁴/hm²,施氮量为180 kg/hm²,氮肥运筹为7:1:2:0的栽培模式。     

水稻两段栽培技术在浉河区生产上的应用成效

介绍了水稻两段栽培技术的原理和方法,以及信阳市浉河区推广水稻两段栽培技术在减肥控氮、节本增效等方面取得的主要成效和主要做法。     

猪弓形虫病诊断与防治

猪弓形虫病是由刚地弓形虫感染引发的一种血液原虫病,该种疾病属于人畜共患病和典型的免疫性疾病,可以在多种牲畜群体中寄生。猪群一旦受到弓形虫感染,病情会快速传播,蔓延防控不及时,还会造成整个猪群全部发病,死亡率有时高达60%以上,是危害生猪养殖产业的常发病和高发病。因此,需要加强流行病学调查,在疾病进入流行高发期前,采取针对性措施防控,提高防控效果,降低发病率,保障养殖安全。该文探讨猪弓形虫病的流行病学、临床症状、病理变化、诊断方法和防治措施。