单播草坪匍匐翦股颖溶磷菌筛选及溶磷能力的初步研究

对西安地区单播草坪匍匐翦股颖根际联合固氮菌进行分离的基础上,采用PKO无机磷培养基和蒙金娜有机 培养基对匍匐翦股颖根际分离的联合固氮菌(共获得188种分离物)中具有溶磷能力的菌株(占29.3％),通过对菌株溶 磷圈大小的测定,最终筛选出溶磷能力较强菌株4株,分离物溶解无机磷D/d值在1.324~3.014之间;而溶解有机磷的能力 在1.239~2.156之间。     

玉米根系分泌物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制活性及其抑菌物质分析

目的明确玉米、辣椒单作和间作种植后根围土壤细菌群落的变化与病害发生的关系,解析土壤微生物在玉米和辣椒多样性种植中控制病害的作用。方法比较玉米/辣椒间作和分别单作后根围土壤微生物对玉米小斑病和辣椒疫病发生的影响,并应用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术比较不同处理根围细菌群落的差异。结果单作玉米的根围土壤微生物能显著抑制辣椒疫病的发生(P<0.05),辣椒单作、玉米/辣椒间作后玉米根围土壤微生物降低玉米小斑病的趋势明显。根围土壤细菌群落分析结果表明：单作玉米根围气单胞菌属、堆囊菌属和固氮螺菌属等的相对丰度显著高于间作玉米和单作辣椒根围(P<0.05);单作辣椒和间作玉米根围土壤中拟杆菌门相对丰度上调,并且其中的拟杆菌属、农研丝杆菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属和Muribaculum的相对丰度也显著上调(P<0.05)。结论玉米/辣椒间作和间作后有利于帮助彼此降低病害的发生。单作或间作后导致土壤细菌群落的变化是其缓解病害发生的重要机制。     

Evaluation of cultivation methods and sustainable agricultural practices for improving shallot bulb production – a review

Abstract

Shallot is an economically important nutritive bulb vegetable and medicinal plant from Alliaceae family. Distributed in limited regions worldwide, in most cases, shallots widely grow in very cold to moderate cold temperate climates at high elevations required to induce bolting and overcome their bulbs and true seeds dormant period. Shallot responses to agricultural management and environmental conditions vary among different species and genotypes and, thus, selection of the elite genotypes is a prerequisite for obtaining desired yield and quality of bulbs and true seeds. Plant material (seed or bulb), plant selection, as well as cultivation and agricultural practices (importantly fertilization, spacing, planting date, and irrigation in greenhouse or farmland) critically affect productivity, phytonutrient value, and economic profit of the shallot produces. The knowledge of using biofertilizers and mulching techniques on shallots are currently evolving, but the information on the efficiency of nanobiofertilizers and eco-friendly and biodegradable mulching materials on shallots farming are still lacking. With the emphasis on sustainable agricultural systems, the efficiency of combined organic and inorganic fertilization is discussed and the potential biofertilizer agents are recommended. This review highlights the importance of using the integrated fertilization (organic and inorganic methods combined with biofertilizers) and irrigation methods (such as two-line spray hose irrigation combined with mulching), and the practices with the highest potential to further improve shallot farming are suggested. The information on shallots breeding is still lacking and requires extensive researches in the future.     

鸽舍内环境因素与细菌总数的相关性研究

为了掌握规模化鸽场鸽舍内环境因素和环境中的细菌总数,为预防肉鸽疾病、保障健康提供科学依据,采用环境检测方法对南京市郊某规模化肉鸽场的4栋鸽舍进行空气质量检测。结果表明,鸽舍内春、夏、秋、冬的平均温度分别是15．69℃、29．94℃、21．44℃、4．33℃;平均相对湿度分别是79．53％、81．44％、78．24％、74．11％;平均风速分别是0．16 m／s、0．43 m／s、0．24 m／s、0．14 m／s;平均光照强度分别是37．25 lx、39．12 lx、38．53 lx、38．08 lx ;环境中的细菌总数分别是22．6×103 cf u／m3、44．93×103 cf u／m3、39．86×103 cf u／m3、14．99×103 cf u／m3。春、夏、秋季节的温度、光照强度等指标基本符合国家标准,冬季低于标准;相对湿度高于国家标准;风速低于国家标准。环境中的细菌总数夏、秋季节超出国家标准,冬、春季节在国家标准范围内。鸽舍环境中温度与细菌总数呈显著的正相关（P＜0．01）;相对湿度、光照与细菌总数呈不显著的正相关（P＞0．05）;风速与细菌总数呈显著性的负相关（P＜0．01）。     

乳酸菌发酵青贮对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

利用从优质青贮饲料中分离鉴定并筛选的2株乳酸菌进行全株玉米的青贮中试试验,玉米青贮30天即可成熟。感官评定的结果表明,乳酸菌处理组的青贮饲料品质比对照组显著提高(p<0.05)饲喂添加乳酸菌的玉米青贮饲料对奶牛的产奶量没有显著影响,但是牛乳中蛋白质和非脂乳固体的含量也显著提高(p<0.05),而对乳脂肪的含量没有影响。     

Phaeosphaeria sp.HD-06菌株对马唐的致病性分析及初步鉴定

为了得到能够有效抑制马唐Digitaria sanguinalis生长的生防微生物,在农田采集马唐种子,进行萌发试验,观察种子的萌发状况,从发病的种子和马唐幼苗基部分离致病菌,通过形态学观察以及ITS序列分析对致病菌进行鉴定。结果从罹病的马唐幼苗基部分离得到一株致病菌HD-06,该菌株的发酵液用水稀释至60%浓度时,对马唐种子的萌发抑制率和幼苗发病率均达到100%,这说明菌株HD-06对马唐有较好的生物防治作用。根据其形态学特点及ITS序列分析结果,鉴定菌株HD-06为暗球腔菌属Phaeosphaeria的真菌。这些结果为深入研究其对马唐的防治作用奠定了基础。     

Continuous Production of Biogenic Magnetite Nanoparticles by the Marine Bacterium Magnetovibrio blakemorei Strain MV-1T with a Nitrous Oxide Injection Strategy

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce magnetosomes, which are membrane-embedded magnetic nanoparticles. Despite their technological applicability, the production of magnetite magnetosomes depends on the cultivation of MTB, which results in low yields. Thus, strategies for the large-scale cultivation of MTB need to be improved. Here, we describe a new approach for bioreactor cultivation of Magnetovibrio blakemorei strain MV-1^T. Firstly, a fed-batch with a supplementation of iron source and N₂O injection in 24-h pulses was established. After 120 h of cultivation, the production of magnetite reached 24.5 mg∙L⁻¹. The maximum productivity (16.8 mg∙L⁻¹∙day⁻¹) was reached between 48 and 72 h. However, the productivity and mean number of magnetosomes per cell decreased after 72 h. Therefore, continuous culture in the chemostat was established. In the continuous process, magnetite production and productivity were 27.1 mg∙L⁻¹ and 22.7 mg∙L⁻¹∙day⁻¹, respectively, at 120 h. This new approach prevented a decrease in magnetite production in comparison to the fed-batch strategy.     

昆虫共生菌沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)的wsp基因密码子使用模式分析

沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)主要感染昆虫等节肢动物,是一类革兰阴性共生细菌。为探讨昆虫纲共生菌Wolbachia的系统发育,研究Wolbachia基因组中进化速度较快的外膜蛋白基因wsp的密码子使用模式及影响因素,统计分析该基因的GC含量(GCall、GC1、GC2、GC3、GC3s)、有效密码子数(ENc)、相对同义密码子使用度(RSCU)等指标。结果显示:昆虫纲共生菌Wolbachia的wsp基因密码子偏好性均不强,昆虫纲不同目间共生菌Wolbachia的wsp基因碱基组成及ENc值差异较小;多数基因数据点沿标准曲线或在其附近分布,突变对碱基组成的影响较弱;18种由多个密码子编码的氨基酸中有11种氨基酸的偏好性密码子在昆虫纲7个目及对照蛛形纲1个目间均相同,有2种氨基酸的偏好性密码子在7个目间相同,这些密码子均以A/U结尾;供分析的140个wsp基因中仅编码6个半胱氨酸(Cys);对应分析中第1、第2向量轴贡献率均不高,分别为13.53%和12.49%,均与碱基组成(GC1、GC2、GC3)显著相关。综合各项分析认为,Wolbachia的wsp基因密码子偏好性不具有宿主分类特异性,密码子使用模式主要受碱基组成影响,而碱基组成主要受选择影响。     

玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草混合青贮品质的影响

为评价玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草(4∶4∶2)混合青贮品质的影响,试验设对照组(CK)、玉米粉添加组(CF)、乳酸菌添加组(LAB)、玉米粉和乳酸菌组合添加组(CF+LAB),每个处理6个重复,室温下贮藏60 d开封,取样分析青贮品质。结果表明,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均明显提高了青贮料的感官品质,与CK相比,CF处理、LAB处理及CF+LAB处理中 CP含量极显著提高(P<0.01), NH₃-N/TN、AA、PA、Ash含量极显著降低(P<0.01),CF处理极显著地提高了DM、CP、LA含量(P<0.01),而LAB处理则极显著地降低了NDF、ADF含量(P<0.01),CF+LAB中NH₃-N/TN、AA含量及pH值极显著低于LAB(P<0.01),显著低于CF(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均提高了青贮品质,单独添加乳酸菌制剂青贮品质要次于单独添加玉米粉,两者组合添加青贮品质更好。     

添加丙酸和乳酸菌对杂交狼尾草青贮发酵品质的影响

研究丙酸、乳酸菌和两者组合不同添加水平对杂交狼尾草（Pennisetum americanum×P.purpereum）青贮发酵品质的影响。试验设对照(无添加)、乳酸菌(LAB)、0.2%丙酸、0.3%丙酸、0.4%丙酸、0.5%丙酸、0.2%丙酸+乳酸菌、0.3%丙酸+乳酸菌、0.4%丙酸+乳酸菌、0.5%丙酸+乳酸菌（占鲜质量比例）处理,青贮45 d后开袋分析。结果表明,添加丙酸可以有效改善杂交狼尾草的青贮品质,最佳添加量为0.3%;添加乳酸菌有助于提高杂交狼尾草的有氧稳定性。