营养液铵硝比对砂培韭菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响

[目的]研究不同铵硝比营养液对韭菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响。[方法]2008～2009年,对日光温室内砂培的2年生韭菜,分别浇施总氮量相同、铵硝比为0∶100,15∶85,30∶70,45∶55和60∶40的营养液。[结果]提高营养液铵硝比不仅大幅度降低了韭菜硝酸盐含量,而且显著地提高了春季韭菜的总产量。铵硝混合营养处理的韭菜硝酸盐含量极显著低于纯硝营养,铵硝比60∶40和45∶55处理的韭菜硝酸盐含量最低,均比纯硝营养降低了59.8%;铵硝比45∶55和30∶70处理的韭菜总产量显著高于纯硝营养,分别增产22.4%和14.0%。铵硝比对单茬韭菜产量的影响因收获时期不同而异,增铵对提高第1茬产量的作用最大、对第3茬无明显作用。[结论]45∶55和30∶70是适合韭菜砂培的营养液铵硝比。     

Canine visceral leishmaniasis: comparison of in vitro leishmanicidal activity of marbofloxacin, meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate

The control of canine leishmaniasis largely depends on the success of treatment. Drugs currently available to treat this disease are toxic and partially effective. The curative effect of marbofloxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone developed for veterinarian individual treatment, was evaluated in vitro in the presence of Leishmania infantum promastigotes and dog-monocyte-derived macrophages; meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate were used as comparative treatments. We observed that the killing of Leishmania promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes by marbofloxacin was dose-dependent. We demonstrated that successful treatment of canine infected macrophages for 48 h was possible with 500 microg/ml of marbofloxacin. Leishmanicidal activity acted through a TNF-alpha and nitric oxide pathway and correlated with the generation of nitric oxide (NO(2)) production by monocytes derived macrophages from infected (23+/-5 microM) or healthy (21+/-6 microM) dogs, in comparison with NO(2) concentration in infected/non-treated macrophages (< 3 microM, P<0.01). This significant induced parasiticidal effect correlated with extensive elimination of amastigotes by macrophages derived from infected (11+/-5) and healthy dogs (6+/-2), when compared to infected/non-treated macrophages (530+/-105 and 472+/-86 amastigotes, respectively, P< 0.01). Marbofloxacin was shown to be non-toxic at 500 microg/ml in vitro and no cell apoptosis was observed. The molecule was able to induce a parasitic process after significant elimination of amastigotes in leishmania-infected dog macrophages. We propose that marbofloxacin, compared to standard chemotherapeutic agents (meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate), could be an effective and pragmatic oral route alternative to treat canine leishmaniasis.     

Nitrous oxide emission as affected by changes in soil water content and nitrogen fertilization

Nitrous oxide emission was measured in laboratory incubations of an alluvial soil (58% clay, pH 7.4). The soil was amended with 40 mg N kg⁻¹ as NaNO₃ or NH₄Cl, or with NaCl as a control. Each fertilization treatment was adjusted to three different water contents: constant 60% WHC (water-holding capacity), constant 120% WHC, and water content alternating between 60 and 120% WHC. During an 8-day incubation period N₂O emission rates and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in soil (NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻) were determined at regular intervals. In the control and after nitrate application small N₂O emission rates occurred with only minor variations over time, and no differences between the water treatments. In contrast, with ammonium application N₂O emission rates were much higher during the first two days of incubation, with peaks in the constant 60% WHC and 120% WHC at day 1 and in the changing-water treatment at day 2, when the first wet period (120% WHC) was completed. This N₂O peak in the changing-water treatment was 4 to 9 times higher than with constant WHC and occurred when both, NH₄⁺ and NO₂⁻ concentrations declined sharply. Thus, this N₂O emission flush can be attributed to nitrifier denitrification. After the second rewetting of the NH₄⁺-amended soil no further N₂O emission peak was observed, being in accordance with small NH₄⁺ and NO₂⁻ concentrations in soil at that time. The unexpectedly small N₂O fluxes in the constant 120% WHC treatment after nitrate application were probably caused by the reduction of N₂O to N₂ under the prevailing conditions. It can be concluded that continuous wetting or flooding of a soil is an effective measure to reduce N₂O emissions immediately after the application of NH₄⁺ fertilizers.     

NO3--N/NH4+-N配比对小白菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响

利用NO3^--N/NH4^＋-N不同配比的营养液对11个小白菜品种进行水培试验。结果表明,不同的NO3^--N/NH4^＋-N配比对不同品种小白菜生长和的硝酸盐含量有着显著的影响,同一氮源培养下不同的小白菜品种间表现出显著的差异,在5.0∶5.0（B）处理条件下,各品种小白菜表现良好;供试的小白菜品种的硝酸盐积累量随着铵态氮比例的增加而下降,表明适当地配施铵态氮较纯硝态氮营养液培养小白菜能获得较低的硝酸盐积累量,但不影响生长。     

水杨酸分光光度法测定水中的NO_3~-

以水杨酸为显色剂,建立分光光度法测定水中NO3-含量的方法。结果表明,NO3-含量的最佳测定条件为：吸收波长410nm,1.0ml浓硫酸,1.0ml20% NaOH溶液,显色时间20min。此条件下,NO3-含量在0.5～8.0mg/L范围内遵循比尔定律。NO3-的最低检出限为0.1mg/L,加标回收率为98.0%～102.0%。     

外源NO对缺铁胁迫下花生生理特性的影响

为探讨外源NO对缺铁胁迫下花生生理特性的影响,采用溶液培养方法,研究了营养液中Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10、100 mol/L 条件下,外施250 mol/L硝普钠（SNP, 一种NO 供体）对花生生理特性以及矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,在相同供铁水平下,外施NO可促进花生幼苗的生长,提高根系活力、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶片抗氧化酶活性,降低胞间CO2 浓度和MDA 含量,抑制花生对P 的吸收;在Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10 mol/L 条件下综合效果更显著。在0、10、100 mol/L Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 中施加SNP 处理20d 后,叶片活性铁含量分别比未施加SNP处理提高了130.7%、136.4%、56.1%,差异显著;同时植株全铁含量及地上部吸铁量占植株总量的百分率也显著提高。说明外源NO可促进铁从根部向植株地上部的运输以及植株体内铁的有效性,提高了铁的运输和利用效率,有效缓解缺铁胁迫的抑制。同时,外施NO还可提高花生叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/b值。在Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10 mol/L 条件下,添加SNP 可以明显降低生长介质的pH,比较 1d 内生长介质中pH 变化看出,花生在14h左右分泌H+ 的能力最强。     

不同锌源对断奶仔猪免疫和抗氧化作用的影响

选用 1 4 4头断奶仔猪 ,随机分成 4组 :一组为对照 ,饲喂添加氧化锌 1 0 0 mg/kg的日粮 ,另 3组分别饲喂添加氧化锌 30 0 0 m g/kg、蛋氨酸锌 1 0 0 m g/kg和纳米氧化锌 30 0 m g/kg的日粮 ,进行为期 5 2 d的饲养试验 ,以研究不同锌源对断奶仔猪消化和免疫功能的影响。结果表明 :高剂量氧化锌可提高血清中 Ig A的含量 5 .0 7%(P<0 .0 5 ) ,高剂量氧化锌和纳米氧化锌可使血清中免疫球蛋白 Ig M含量分别提高 2 .97%(P<0 .0 5 )和 5 .6 7%(P<0 .0 1 ) ;蛋氨酸锌可使血清中SOD活性比对照组提高 1 .36倍 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,高剂量氧化锌和蛋氨酸锌可分别使肝脏中 SOD活性提高 2 8.2 0 %(P<0 .0 5 )和 2 9.33%(P<0 .0 5 ) ;高剂量氧化锌、蛋氨酸锌和纳米氧化锌均可提高肝脏组织中金属硫蛋白 (MT)含量     

Ca2+参与NO对切花月季瓶插期间乙烯合成的调控

为研究Ca2+在NO对切花月季瓶插期间乙烯合成调控中的作用,分别用0.1 mmol/LSNP(NO供体)、0.1 mmol/L SNP+0.3 mmol/L的TFP(CaM)、0.1 mmol/L SNP+10 mmol/L的TFP(Ca2+ 螯合剂)、6 mmol/L Ca2+、6 mmol/L ca2+ +0.05 mmol/L的PTIO(NO清除剂)处理切花月季‘Kardinal'',研究切花瓶插期间内源乙烯的生物合成变化.结果表明,Ca2+处理能提高月季瓶插前期花瓣中的NOS活性,保持了花瓣中的NO的较高水平,减缓切花瓶插后期NOS活性的升高,进一步研究表明,Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和CaM的抑制剂TFP处理却可使花瓣中的ACS和ACO活性升高,ACC的含量增加,从而加速了乙烯的生物合成;同时,NO的清除剂PTIO处理也可以抑制由于Ca2+处理导致的ACS和ACO的活性降低以及乙烯合成底物ACC的含量下降.Ca2+和CaM可能参与了NO对切花瓶插期间乙烯的合成调控及其信号转导.     

柠檬酸对小鼠睾丸组织抗氧化酶活性的影响

为研究柠檬酸对小鼠睾丸组织抗氧化酶活性的影响,将40只健康昆明系小鼠随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、柠檬酸低(180mg/kg)、中(270mg/kg)、高(360mg/kg)剂量组,各组小鼠每周腹腔注射相应剂量试剂0.2mL,连续注射3周,第3次注射后的第7天时颈椎脱臼处死小鼠,取其睾丸组织制作匀浆液检测过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、总一氧化氮合酶(T-NOS)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,与对照组相比,中、高柠檬酸剂量组小鼠睾丸组织SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05);柠檬酸处理组GSH-Px活性、MDA含量均显著下降(P<0.05);随着柠檬酸剂量的增加,LDH、NOS活性分别呈下降、上升趋势。此结果提示,一定剂量的柠檬酸可以降低小鼠睾丸组织SOD、GSH-Px活性,但可能通过NO途径减少睾丸细胞膜脂质过氧化,提高细胞膜的稳定性。     

黄颡鱼甘露糖受体基因的克隆和功能分析

甘露糖受体(MR)隶属凝集素超家族,主要表达于巨噬细胞和未成熟的树突状细胞表面。MR不仅在先天免疫防御中发挥重要作用,还通过参与抗原呈递,激活T淋巴细胞,启动获得性免疫应答过程。本研究采用同源克隆技术获得黄颡鱼甘露糖受体(pf MR)基因,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测MR在正常黄颡鱼体内的分布情况,采用鲖爱德华菌感染黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞和甘露聚糖封闭MR方法研究黄颡鱼MR在抗细菌感染中的作用。结果显示,pf MR同团头鲂、草鱼、斑马鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的MR聚为一支。pf MR在所检测的12个组织中均有分布,其在肾脏、脾脏和肌肉组织中表达量较高,在血液中表达量较少。鲖爱德华菌感染黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞后,pf MR、IL-1β和TNF-a均被细菌诱导表达,超氧阴离子和一氧化氮的含量也上升,超氧阴离子在感染30 min后即显著上升,一氧化氮在感染12 h后才显著上升。甘露聚糖竞争结合MR,显著抑制巨噬细胞内化GFP标签的鲖爱德华菌,加入EDTA减少内化的荧光强度,加入Ca~(2+)使内化的荧光强度回升。研究表明,黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞MR参与鲖爱德华菌的识别和内吞过程,而且依赖Ca~(2+)。