类芦植被对AMD污染土壤的生态修复效应及潜力

以贵阳市花溪区麦坪废弃煤矿区为研究区域,选择在受酸性矿山废水(AMD)污染的土壤上经类芦植被恢复的土壤为研究对象,研究自然恢复类芦植被后对AMD污染土壤的养分、酶活性及微生物数量的改善作用,探讨类芦植被对AMD污染土壤的生态修复效应及潜力。结果表明:AMD污染土壤呈养分极贫瘠、土壤酶活性和微生物活性极低的特征,污染土壤经自然恢复类芦植被后,污染土壤的理化性质及生物化学特性有显著改善,具体表现为:经类芦植被恢复的土壤的有机质、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较对照(无类芦植被恢复)的污染土壤分别平均增加了48.95%,133.71%,46.23%,23.10%,29.83%,土壤过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、纤维素酶和脲酶活性得到极显著(p0.01)提高,土壤主要微生物类群(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量和生物量极显著(p0.01)增加。相关性分析表明,土壤养分、酶活性和微生物数量之间呈正相关关系,表明土壤酶活性和微生物数量可作为评价AMD污染土壤修复前后质量改善状况的重要生物学指标。另外,主成分分析表明,在类芦植被对AMD污染土壤修复过程中土壤酶(脲酶)、土壤养分(全磷、全氮、有效磷、有效氮、有机质、速效钾)、土壤微生物(细菌)是主要控制因素。基于类芦植被能显著地提高AMD污染土壤有效养分含量、土壤酶活性和微生物数量,使AMD污染土壤朝着良性方向发展,并表现出对AMD污染土壤修复具有较大的潜力,因此类芦植被可作为AMD污染土壤植物修复和生态恢复的先锋物种或优势植物。     

糯米糍荔枝叶片矿质养分含量充足范围的确定

对深圳市4个典型丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片7种矿质养分(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锌和硼)含量的统计分析表明:采样地点和生育时期均对叶片营养元素含量有显著的影响。四个关键生育时期(末次秋梢老熟期、花芽形态分化期、谢花期和果实成熟期)的单株样与混合(多株)样的供试矿质养分含量之间大部分没有显著差异。本研究根据丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片混合样的分析结果提出了7种矿质养分的充足含量范围。     

Wind erosion and sand accumulation effects on soil properties in Horqin Sandy Farmland,Inner Mongolia

Rain-fed agriculture is widespread in Inner Mongolia, northern China, where wind erosion of farmland is very common because of sandy soil and dry, windy weather. However, very little is known about the effects of wind erosion on soil physical and chemical properties in this region. A field experiment was conducted in sandy farmland, where erosional and depositional gradients were established to evaluate the effects of wind erosion and leeward sand accumulation on soil texture, nutrient content, soil water, and soil temperature. The research showed that long term wind erosion could result in significant soil coarseness, infertility and dryness. Severe erosion reduced clay by 59.6%, organic C by 71.2%, total N by 67.4%, total P by 31.4%, available N by 64.5%, available P by 38.8%, and average soil water content by 51.8%, compared with non-eroded farmland in the study region. The sand fraction (particles > 0.05 mm), pH and ground-surface temperature increased by 6.2%, 3.7%, and 2.2 °C, respectively. Accumulated sand also caused a decrease in nutrients and soil water content. Under severe sand accumulation, clay was reduced by 2.0%, organic C by 19.3%, total N by 21.7%, total P by 13.7%, available N by 52.5%, and average soil water content by 26.6%. The sand fraction, pH, available P, and ground-surface temperature increased by 0.2%, 0.9%, 5.8% and 2.8 °C, respectively.     

稻田土壤养分的空间变异性研究

本研究以嘉善县陶庄农场内一块5.1hm2的水稻田为研究区,区内不规则采样,共128个采样点。以土壤的pH、有机质、全磷、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量为研究对象,研究其相应的统计规律,结果表明土壤各养分属性的变异系数在6.3%~35.61%之间,pH为5.3%;采用地统计的半方差函数分析,发现有机质,全氮,碱解氮和速效钾在一定范围内存在空间相关性;采用克立格方法进行最优内插,绘制了养分含量分布图,并对其空间变异进行了初步分析。     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Microbial biomass C (MBC) is one of the soil properties used as an indicator for the fertility status of a soil. A study was conducted on a semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. The field was planted with spring wheat and mulched with plastic film for various lengths of time. Our primary objectives were to (i) explore the influence of film mulching on soil MBC and soil fertility, and (ii) seek an effective approach of maintaining and improving sustainability of cropland mulched with plastic film in two growing seasons. Four treatments were tested, non-mulching (M0), mulching for 30 days after sowing (M30), mulching for 60 DAS (M60) and mulching for the whole growing period (Mw). An increasing air temperature with time within the growing season promoted soil MBC in the two growing seasons, but a severe drought led to a lower MBC in 2000 compared with the wet year of 1999. Film mulching promoted MBC significantly in the 2 years, but decreased soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is very low in the experimental soil, accounting for the higher MBC/SOC ratio compared with ratios reported by others. The SOC is greatly reduced in the non-mulched and the Mw treatments compared to the M30 and M60 treatments. In conclusion, the benefits of film mulching in semi-arid agricultural systems are enormous but realizing their full potential depends on how long the mulching material is maintained during the growing season. In the system tested, it is desirable to mulch the plots for 30-60 DAS in order to enhance microbial biomass and cycling of nutrients and also to provide a more stable soil micro-environment that generates more residues in the rhizosphere.     

Soil nutrient changes due to land use changes in Northern China: a case study in Zunhua County, Hebei Province

Abstract. Since the 1980s, land use in rural areas of China has changed greatly as the result of political initiatives. These changes have caused soil nutrient changes which are examined in this paper for Zunhua County, northern China from 1980 to 1999. The areas of farmland, grassland, and paddy decreased greatly and were replaced by increases in forest and residential land. The soils under forest in 1999 transformed from farmland in 1980 increased in organic matter by 21%, total nitrogen by 18%, available nitrogen by 65%, available phosphorus by 17% and available potassium by 17%. Similarly, in the area which was converted from farmland in 1980 to grassland in 1999, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 38%, 37%, 71%, 2% and 28%, respectively. Changes from farmland to forest and grassland not only changed land cover but also improved soil fertility and probably reduced soil nutrient losses.     

大比例尺区域土壤养分空间变异定量分析

应用地质统计学的方法对北京昌平县南邵乡２６４０ｈｍ＾２,土地上的土壤有机质,全氮,有效氮,有效磷及有效钾的空间分布特征,进行了定量分析,并绘出它们的等值线图,对于研究和评价大比例尺区域土壤养分空间变异规律和动态变化有一定的理论和实践意义。     

肥料组合对茎瘤芥产量和营养品质的影响

采用田间试验研究了6种肥料组合对不同采收期茎瘤芥茎叶产量、营养品质和叶片养分的影响。结果表明,不同肥料组合中2个采收期除钙镁磷氯钾处理明显降低茎瘤芥茎叶产量(22．8％-54．6％)外,其余各处理对茎瘤芥茎叶产量有明显提高作用,以专用肥Ⅰ(有机无机型)对茎瘤芥茎重提高作用最大。各处理除钙镁磷氯钾对茎营养品质主要表现为提高作用,其余处理可提高氨基酸和粗蛋白含量,降低Vc、可溶性糖、磷和钾含量。专用肥Ⅰ处理的茎瘤芥茎营养品质整体上优于专用肥Ⅱ(无机型)处理。普钙硫钾与磷铵硫钾处理的Vc含量差异不明显,可溶性糖和氨基酸含量以普钙硫钾为优,但粗蛋白、磷和钾含量以磷铵硫钾处理较好;普钙硫钾与普钙氯钾处理相比,Vc含量差异不明显,前者可溶性糖和氨基酸含量较优,但粗蛋白、磷和钾含量以普钙氯钾处理较好。除钙镁磷氯钾处理外,各肥料组合处理提高茎瘤芥叶片全氮含量,降低全钾含量,提高收获期全磷含量,叶片N／P,N／K,K／P变化幅度小。     

澳洲淡水龙虾受精卵到仔虾营养物质变化分析

摘要：为探究澳洲淡水龙虾受精卵发育到仔虾过程中营养物质变化情况,本研究分别对澳洲淡水龙虾前无节幼体期、复眼色素形成期、孵化准备期受精卵及初孵仔虾的营养成分组成进行了系统性分析,研究表明：水分含量随着受精卵逐渐发育成仔虾而显著升高(P<0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量则随发育过程而显著降低(P<0.05),灰分含量以初孵仔虾最高(P<0.05);总氨基酸(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)和呈味氨基酸(DAA)均随发育过程而显著降低(P<0.05);在AAS模式下,受精卵和初孵仔虾第一限制性氨基酸均为Met+Cys,受精卵第二限制性氨基酸为Leu,初孵仔虾第二限制性氨基酸为Ile。在CS模式下,受精卵和初孵仔虾第一限制性氨基酸也是Met+Cys,前无节幼体期受精卵第二限制性氨基酸为Val,复眼色素形成期之后的受精卵和初孵仔虾第二限制性氨基酸均为Ile。受精卵和初孵仔虾的EAAI随着受精卵发育到初孵仔虾而显著降低(P<0.05)。澳洲淡水龙虾受精卵和初孵仔虾共测出主要脂肪酸10种,初孵仔虾的PUFA及DHA含量显著低于受精卵(P<0.05),EPA+DHA含量却显著高于受精卵(P<0.05)。综上,澳洲淡水龙虾初孵仔虾灰分及EPA+DHA含量显著高于受精卵,故在澳洲淡水龙虾仔虾开口饵料配制中可考虑适当提高磷酸二氢钙及EPA+DHA添加量。     

双低油菜籽粕营养成分及饲喂育成鸡研究

本文分析了双低油菜籽粕的营养及抗营养成分，并以不同的日粮比例对０～２０周龄蛋鸡进行饲养试验。结果表明，双低油菜籽粕与普通菜籽粕的粗蛋白、氨基酸含量相似，硫甙及其水解产物ＯＺＴ，ＩＴＣ等抗营养成分仅为１／１０左右。在日粮中添加１０％，１５％双低油菜籽粕，对蛋鸡生长发育、甲状腺及血清Ｔ３，Ｙ４，ＴＳＨ，ＴＧ，Ｔｍ水平，肝及血浆ＣＨＥ，ＡＫＰ，ＧＯＴ，ＧＰＴ的活性和肾脏等均无异常影响。日粮中添加２０％双低油菜籽粕，鸡生长明显受到抑制，甲状腺肿大，血清Ｔｃ上升，Ｔ３下降，肝出血明显，血浆中ＧＯＴ，ＧＰＴ明显升高。故认为，双低油菜籽粕是１种氨基酸组成较均衡、毒素含量较低的蛋白质饲料，在０～２０周龄蛋鸡日粮中加到１５％时均安全。