贵州喀斯特区野生葛藤群落主要种群生态位

通过对喀斯特区葛藤Pueraria lobata群落野外样地调查,分析其组成类型中16个优势种的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例及生态位重叠.结果表明:①生态位宽度排在前6位的分别是葛藤,香叶树Lindera communis,竹叶椒Zanthoxylum planispinum,异叶鼠李Rhamnus heterophylla,粉枝莓Rubus bifioru,火棘Pyracantha fortuneana;②葛藤在喀斯特石漠化生境中的适应能力较强;③各种对的生态位相似比例为0～1不等,物种利用资源的相似程度差异较大;④16个种群间并未表现出显著的生态位完全重叠,各种群间利用资源的差异性显著,表明种群对资源的共享趋势并不明显,显示葛藤群落不稳定;⑤群落主要树种生态位重叠基本上是种群的生态位宽度越大,与其他种群的生态位重叠的机会越大,反之则越小.但在本研究发现,具有较大生态位宽度种群之间的生态位重叠值未必高.在喀斯特石漠化区,发展葛藤做饲料具有较大前景,但必须加大刈割等人工干扰措施,方能可持续发展.     

灵空山辽东栎林种群生态位特征

利用样地调查数据,以物种重要值作为资源状态指标,应用Levins,Hurlbert生态位宽度公式和Levins生态位重叠公式对山西灵空山林区辽东栎Quercus liaotungensis群落6种乔木、8种灌木和11种草本进行了生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算.结果表明:灵空山林区乔木树种以辽东栎(Levins生态位宽度Bi=1.1590,Hurlbert生态位宽度Ba=0.7960),油松Pinus tabulaeformis (Bi=0.990 7,B1a=0.536 1)的生态位宽度值较大;灌木树种以三裂绣线菊Spireae trilobata(Bi=1.095 0,Ba=0.509 0)的生态位宽度值较大;而草本层中,披针薹草Carex lanceolata的生态位宽度值最大(Bi=1.309 7,Ba=0.948 5).乔木、灌木、草本层各种群之间均有不同程度的重叠,重叠指数依乔木、灌木、草本层逐渐减少,总的表现为生态位宽度较大的物种对资源利用能力较强,与其他种群间的生态位重叠一般较大.     

四川农业大学雅安校区鸟类群落结构分析

2009年11月至2010年11月,采用样线法对四川农业大学(雅安校区)的鸟类群落多样性进行了调查,共记录鸟类67种,隶属11目35科,在群落组成上雀形目鸟类占73.13%,在居留型上留鸟占64.18%。鸟类多样性夏季高于冬季,且在不同生境间变化明显,水体及周边区域相对较高。另外,通过对[树]麻雀(Passer montanus)等10种校园优势种生态位宽度及生态位重叠指数的测算发现,[树]麻雀、白鹡鸰(Motacilla alba)、白鹭(Egrettagarzetta)具有最大的生态位宽度,大山雀(Parus major)、红头[长尾]山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、白头鹎(Pycnon-otus sinensis)之间生态位重叠最为明显。     

Quantifying landscape linkages among giant panda subpopulations in regional scale conservation

Understanding habitat requirements and identifying landscape linkages are essential for the survival of isolated populations of endangered species. Currently, some of the giant panda populations are isolated, which threatens their long-term survival, particularly in the Xiaoxiangling mountains. In the present study, we quantified niche requirements and then identified potential linkages of giant panda subpopulations in the most isolated region, using ecological niche factor analysis and a least-cost path model. Giant pandas preferred habitat with conifer forest and gentle slopes (>20 to ≤30°). Based on spatial distribution of suitable habitat, linkages were identified for the Yele subpopulation to 4 other subpopulations (Liziping, Matou, Xinmin and Wanba). Their lengths ranged from 15 to 54 km. The accumulated cost ranged from 693 to 3166 and conifer forest covered over 31%. However, a variety of features (e.g. major roads, human settlements and large unforested areas) might act as barriers along the linkages for giant panda dispersal. Our analysis quantified giant panda subpopulation connectivity to ensure long-term survival.     

微小隐孢子虫三个基因主要抗原表位区的串联表达及其抗原性分析

应用多个抗原袁位预测软件对微小隐孢子虫CP15、P23和CP15/60三个子孢子表面抗原的氨基酸序列进行T细胞袁位预测及分析,从中选取了三个抗原表位富集的基因片段,利用重叠延伸PCR(gene splicing by overlapping extension PCR,SOE PCR)将该三个基因片段串联在一起,各基因片段之间以柔性氨基酸(GGGGS)碱基序列链接,得到的拼接片段命名为CpTm.将目的基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)上,构建重组表达质粒pET-CpTm,并转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达,将纯化的重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体.结果成功地构建了CpTm串联基因并在大肠杆菌中以可溶形式高效表达,质谱分析表明重组表达蛋白包含了上述三个抗原的氨基酸序列.Western blot分析显示该重组蛋白能被牛抗微小隐孢子虫阳性血清及隐孢子虫鼠基因型CP15、P23、CP15/60基因重组表达蛋白免疫兔血清识别,制备的抗血清能被重组蛋白特异性识别,表明表达的重组蛋白具有较好的反应原性和免疫原性,为多表位疫苗的研制奠定了基础.     

Involvement of Cylindrocarpon destructans in root death of Pinus sylvestris seedlings: Pathogenic behaviour and predisposing factors

The common rhizospheric fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans was investigated in relation to its role in root death of Pinus sylvestris in Nordic nurseries and plantations. Laboratory methods were developed for studying similar root problems as well as the early effects of phytotoxicity and fungal infection. Seedlings grown under standardized optimal conditions were exposed to controlled stress (known to occur in nurseries), with or without C. destructans in the rhizosphere. Low light conditions, anaerobic root environment, and fungicide treatment were each found to predispose pine seedlings to invasion by the pathogen. The pathogen was very sensitive to competition as well as antagonism on the root, and fungicide‐induced inhibition of antagonists such as Trichoderma spp. also increased the severity of attack by the pathogen. To compete successfully, the pathogen would have to invade and dominate weakened roots prior to the arrival of saprophytes. Toxic metabolites produced by the pathogen weakened or killed nearby root tissues, and pathogen metabolites seemed to prevent saprophytes from taking hold in the infected roots. Such heavily infected, dead roots may act as inoculum sources allowing the pathogen to invade adjacent living roots, even healthy ones. Dead roots left in nursery soil after earlier harvests may act as reservoirs of inoculum for long periods and pose a threat to new plants.     

微小隐孢子虫CP15-P23-CP15/60基因的融合表达及抗血清的制备

以微小隐孢子虫基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得子孢子表面抗原CP15、P23和CP15/60基因。利用重叠延伸PCR(SOE PCR)将该3段基因片段串联在一起,各基因片段之间引入柔性氨基酸接头(GGGGS)编码基因。将串联基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)上,构建重组表达载体,转化到大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达,将纯化的重组蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体。结果表明,获得了CP15-P23-CP15/60融合基因,并在大肠埃希菌中高效表达,Western blot显示重组蛋白能被牛抗微小隐孢子虫阳性血清识别,制备的多克隆抗体能被重组蛋白特异性识别,表明获得的重组蛋白具有较好的抗原性。     

浙江楠适生环境研究

选取2009-2011年浙江省森林生态监测的1 221个样地资料为研究样本,分析天然林中浙江楠的适生环境.结果表明:浙江楠主要分布在浙西、浙南海拔556～925m的低山和中山,以中下坡为主,分布的土壤主要为红壤和黄壤;浙江楠基本生存于林分的中层,在林分中比较弱势;群落中,浙江楠的生态位宽度值较大,说明浙江楠适合在类似研究样地建立建群优势种群;浙江楠和杉木、木荷的生态重叠值高达0.9以上,说明它们的生物生态特征相似,对生境要求比较相近.     

建始县高岩子林场优势乔木生态位特征

了解乔木的生态位,为可持续经营和保护天然林提供依据.本研究利用Levins公式和Pianka公式测定高岩子林场7种优势乔木的生态位宽度和生态位重叠.生态位宽度的大小依次是日本落叶松、四照花、柳杉、青冈、木姜子、云锦杜鹃和珙桐,生态位重叠较大.建始县国有高岩子林场乔木生态位颇具特色,在森林资源开发中要互补利用.     

Faecal analysis suggests generalist diets in three species of Western Cape cordylids

Climate has been proposed as an explanation for the present-day distribution of closely-related melanistic and non-melanistic cordylid species in the southwestern Cape of South Africa. However, diet may also contribute towards shaping geographic distributions. We present preliminary data on diet composition based on analyses of faecal pellets of Cordylus cordylus (non-melanistic), C. niger (melanistic) and C. oelofseni (melanistic). Coleoptera were the most common prey ingested both in summer and early spring for all species, followed by Hymenoptera for all species in summer. The overlap in other arthropod taxa ingested was low across species and seasons, suggesting an opportunistic component to their foraging behaviour.We distinguished plant matter in faecal samples of all species in all seasons, reflecting either voluntary or accidental ingestion. The results of this study suggest that the generalist diets of these cordylid species should not constrain their distributions despite the common preference for coleopterans.