沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。     

水肥耦合对香蕉园土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响

以海南香蕉种植区为例,研究了水肥一体化条件下,不同水肥用量（低肥：每株香蕉施尿素400 g、磷酸二氢钾256 g、氯化钾1024 g;高肥：每株香蕉施尿素500 g、磷酸二氢钾320 g、氯化钾1280 g;低水：3800 L/株,高水：4750 L/株）对土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响。4个取样时期低肥低水（A）、低肥高水（B）、高肥低水（C）和高肥高水（D）4个处理的线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量、食真菌线虫数量、植物寄生线虫数量和捕食/杂食线虫数量均存在显著差异（P＜0.01）。本试验田中共鉴定出土壤线虫22科34属,其中巴兹尔属（Basiria）和针属（Paratylenchus）为优势属。单增加施肥量显著增加了植物寄生线虫数量和捕食/杂食线虫数量,同时增加施肥量和灌水量显著增加了线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量和食真菌线虫数量。从整个生育期来看,线虫总数和4个线虫营养类群的数量在苗期均较低,抽蕾期和成熟期均较高。4个取样时期A、B、C和D4个处理的多样性指数（Shannon diversity,H′）、自由生活线虫成熟度指数（Maturity index,MI）、通道指数（Channel ratio,NCR）、Wasilewska指数（Wasilewska index,WI）和富集指数（Enrichment index,EI）均存在显著差异（P＜0.01）。单增加灌水量显著增加了结构指数（Structure index,SI）和EI指数,单增加施肥量显著增加了H′和NCR指数,同时增加施肥量和灌水量显著增加了植物寄生线虫成熟度指数（plant parasite index,PPI）。从整个生育期来看,苗期的H′、NCR、SI和EI指数较高,营养生长期的MI和WI指数较高,抽蕾期的优势度指数（dominance index,λ）较高,成熟期的PPI指数较高。该研究结果表明,土壤线虫群落结构的变化很好地反映土壤水肥的变化状况,土壤线虫可作为施肥和灌溉过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标。     

C and N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass

Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in the study of soil organic matter formation. It is often observed that more decomposed soil organic matter is ¹³C, and especially ¹⁵N-enriched relative to fresh litter and recent organic matter. We investigated whether this shift in isotope composition relates to the isotope composition of the microbial biomass, an important source for soil organic matter. We developed a new approach to determine the natural abundance C and N isotope composition of the microbial biomass across a broad range of soil types, vegetation, and climates. We found consistently that the soil microbial biomass was ¹⁵N-enriched relative to the total (3.2 ‰) and extractable N pools (3.7 ‰), and ¹³C-enriched relative to the extractable C pool (2.5 ‰). The microbial biomass was also ¹³C-enriched relative to total C for soils that exhibited a C3-plant signature (1.6 ‰), but ¹³C-depleted for soils with a C4 signature (−1.1 ‰). The latter was probably associated with an increase of annual C3 forbs in C4 grasslands after an extreme drought. These findings are in agreement with the proposed contribution of microbial products to the stabilized soil organic matter and may help explain the shift in isotope composition during soil organic matter formation.     

Correlation between earthworms and plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico

Earthworms are recognized to play an important role in the decomposition of organic materials. To test the use of earthworms as an indicator of plant litter decomposition, we examined the abundance and biomass of earthworms in relation to plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico. We collected earthworms at 0–0.1 m and 0.1–0.25 m soil depths from upland and riparian sites that represent the natural variation in soils and decomposition rates within the forest. Earthworms were hand-sorted and weighed for both fresh and dry biomass. Earthworms were dominated by the exotic endogeic species Pontoscolex corethrurus Müller; they were more abundant, and had higher biomasses in the upland than in riparian sites of the forest. Plant leaf litter decomposed faster in the upland than riparian sites. We found that earthworm abundance in the upper 0.1 m of the soil profile positively correlated with decomposition rate of plant leaf litter. Ground litter removal had no effect on the abundance or biomass of endogeic earthworms. Our data suggest that earthworms can be used to predict decomposition rates of plant litter in the tropical wet forest, and that the decomposition of aboveground plant litter has little influence on the abundance and biomass of endogeic earthworms.     

断奶前后仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠SGLT1 mRNA表达的变化及半胱胺的影响

研究断奶前后仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠SGLT1mRNA表达丰度的变化,并同时观察半胱胺对其表达的影响,从分子水平探讨半胱胺对断奶仔猪葡萄糖吸收的影响与可能的机制。新生仔猪随机分为对照组和实验组,12日龄(D12)起对照组饲喂基础乳猪料,实验组在基础乳猪料中添加120mg/kg半胱胺,两组仔猪均于35日龄断奶,每组分别于断奶前1周、断奶当天、断奶后3d、1周以及断奶后10d随机选取仔猪各6头,宰杀后采集十二指肠、空肠和回肠粘膜,采用RT-PCR方法测定钠-葡萄糖共转运载体1(sodium-glucosecotransporter1,SGLT1)mRNA表达的相对丰度。结果表明,回肠SGLT1mRNA的表达量最高,空肠其次,十二指肠最低;SGLT1mRNA在不同肠段的表达呈现截然不同的发育模式,十二指肠SGLT1mRNA表达量在45d显著上升(P<0.05),而空肠则在42和45d时显著下降(P<0.01),回肠SGLT1mRNA表达在整个实验期间无显著变化;此外,日粮添加半胱胺显著提高38d十二指肠以及42和45d空肠SGLT1mRNA表达,而对回肠SGLT1mRNA表达无显著影响。小肠SGLT1mRNA表达以及日粮添加半胱胺促进SGLT1mRNA表达的作用均呈现时空特异性规律。     

亚地块尺度秸秆信息丰度研究

不断拓展的秸秆资源应用途径丰富了亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度的研究,但界定和表达亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度尚缺乏科学规范。本文以机收小麦原茬地的秸秆信息丰度为研究对象,设计系列指标（立茬与碎秸的质量分布、碎秸堆叠层数、立茬侧影覆盖度）,分别探讨原位网格取样称草、平板匀铺图像处理、背景板图像处理、碎秸筛分、人工观察计数等手段与方法,进行原茬秸秆信息的指标化。将获取的多维秸秆信息进行归一化处理,并运用图像相似度分析法研究信息指标间的相关性。结果表明,本文提出的秸秆信息参数及测试方法增加了亚地块尺度下的秸秆信息丰度,秸秆信息图像间的相关分析也能反映出各指标间的内在联系。所得信息反映了收获机的留茬状态与碎草性能,碎秸质量集中分布在割幅中间区域。立茬质量分布受作物行间距影响,碎秸堆叠层数表达了机排草口的排草状况,立茬侧影覆盖度分布可反映收获机的留茬碾压破坏情况。秸秆信息指标间的相关分析表明,地表秸秆总质量与碎秸质量的相似度为0.89、与立茬质量相似度为0.43,碎秸质量与碎秸堆叠层数相似度为0.64,立茬质量与立茬侧影覆盖度相似度为0.48。本文界定的亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度及其参数化研究结果可为系统开展亚地块尺度下秸秆信息技术研发提供参考。     

广西根结线虫病害的病原鉴定

从广西不同地区采集的28种植物根结线虫病的病原,按病原线虫的主要形态学特征和寄主反应的鉴定方法,对每种病原进行了分类鉴定。其中穗状鸡冠花、胡椒、蕹菜、胡萝卜,芭蕉芋、鸡蛋果、莞荽(香菜)、苋苯、荷包豆、吉庆果、黄麻、黄穗鸡冠等根结线虫病的病原都是属南方根结线虫1号小种;风仙花、辣椒、蕹菜、番茄、独头鸡冠花、红穗鸡冠、罗汉果、黄麻、芹菜根结线虫有一种是南方根结线虫1号小种,另一种是爪哇根结线虫;甜叶菊、姜根结线虫病的病原有一种是南方根结线虫1号小种,另一种是花生根结线虫1号小种;吉庆果、四季海棠、茄、棕竹、柳树的根结线虫病的病原是爪哇根结线虫;罗汉果、丝瓜、红麻根结线虫病的病原有一种是爪哇根结线虫,另一种是花生根结线虫1号小种;花生根结线虫病的病原是花生根结线虫1号小种。发现二个新种:即水稻根结线虫病的病原是林氏根结线虫;柑桔根结线虫病的病原是孔氏根结线虫。     

Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.     

藜麦DAPB基因丰度及生物信息学分析

二氢砒啶二羧酸还原酶(DAPB)是赖氨酸合成途径中的一个重要酶,在蛋白质和细胞壁的合成中起着重要作用。本研究基于KEGG总数据库分析表明,藜麦中DAPB的基因拷贝数远高于水稻、玉米及大豆等作物。对藜麦基因组数据筛选得到4个DAPB基因成员,均属于碱性蛋白质,氨基酸序列长度约330 bp,分子量为36.623~36.880 k D,等电点(p I)为5.79~6.01,最大疏水系数为0.028~0.123,为疏水性蛋白,亚细胞定位于细胞质中,不存在跨膜区。4个DAPB基因之间的Ka/Ks值均小于0.5,表明该基因在进化过程中比较保守。系统进化分析发现,藜麦DAPB家族成员位于同一个亚家族,且与菠菜的亲缘关系较近。启动子顺式作用元件分析结果显示,DAPB家族除含有TATA-box和CAAT-box以外,还含有多个参与激素响应、光照、低温及其它应激反应相关的顺式作用元件和转录因子结合位点,暗示藜麦DAPB家族成员可能参与以上多种响应。本研究分析了藜麦DAPB基因的拷贝数并对DAPB进行了生物信息学分析,可为进一步了解DAPB基因家族的生物学功能提供参考。     

Starving the soil of plant inputs for 50 years reduces abundance but not diversity of soil bacterial communities

If soil communities rely on plant-derived carbon, is biodiversity lost when this primary source is removed? Soil microbial and mesofaunal communities at the Rothamsted Highfield site were compared under a mixed grass sward, arable rotation and a section maintained as a bare-fallow for the past 50 years by regular tillage. Organic matter reserves have been degraded and microbial and mesofaunal numbers and mite diversity have declined in this unique bare-fallow site, where fresh carbon inputs have been drastically reduced. However, it supports a species-rich metabolically active bacterial community of similar diversity to that in soil maintained as grass sward. Thus in contrast to soil mesofauna, bacterial diversity (but not abundance) is apparently independent of plant inputs.