长江中游水稻土潜育作用的特点

The gleyization of representative paddy soils in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was characterized, taking oxidation-reduction potential(Eh), the amount of active reducing substances and the forms of iron and manganese as the parameters. The Eh value was linearly related with the logarithm of the amount of active reducing substances, which was contributed by ferrous iron by 83% on an average. The degree of gleyization of different horizons was graded as ungleyed, slightly gleyed, mildly gleyed and gleyed. The Eh of the four grades was > 500, 300-500, 100-300 and < 100 mV, respectively, and the corresponding amount of active reducing substances was < 1, 1-7, 7-30 and > 30 mmol_c kg^-1, respectively. The amount of ferrous iron of the four grades was < 0.5, 0.5-5, 5-25 and > 25 mmol kg^-1, respectively. The extent of gleyization of a soil was classified as upper-gleyed, middle-gleyed and lower-gleyed, depending on whether the depth of the gley horizon was less than 30 cm, 30-60 cm or more than 60 cm.     

Competition for electron donors among nitrate reducers,ferric iron reducers,sulfate reducers,and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil

Slurries of anoxic paddy soil were either freshly prepared or were partially depleted in endogenous electron donors by prolonged incubation under anaerobic conditions. Endogenous NO ₃ ^– was reduced within 4 h, followed by reduction of Fe³⁺ and SO ₄ ^2– , and later by production of CH₄. Addition of NO ₃ ^– slightly inhibited the production of Fe²⁺ in the depleted but not in the fresh paddy soil. Inhibition was overcome by the addition of H₂, acetate, or a mixture of fatty acids (and other compounds), indicating that these compounds served as electron donors for the bacteria reducing NO ₃ ^– and/or ferric iron. Addition on NO ₃ ^– also inhibited the reduction of SO ₄ ^2– in the depleted paddy soil. This inhibition was only overcome by H₂, but not by acetate or a mixture of compounds, indicating that H₂ was the predominant electron donor for the bacteria involved in NO ₃ ^– and/or SO ₄ ^2– reduction. SO ₄ ^2– reduction was also inhibited by exogenous Fe³⁺, but only in the depleted paddy soil. This inhibition was overcome by either H₂, acetate, or a mixture of compounds, suggesting that they served as electron donors for reduction of Fe³⁺ and/or SO ₄ ²⁺ . CH₄ production was inhibited by NO ₃ ^– both in depleted and in fresh paddy soil. Fe³⁺ and SO ₄ ^2– also inhibited methanogenesis, but the inhibition was stronger in the depleted than in the fresh paddy soil. Inhibition of CH₄ production was paralleled by a decrease in the steady state concentration of H₂ to a level which provided a free enthalpy of less than G=–17 kJ mol^-1 CH₄ compared to more than G=–32 kJ mol^-1 CH₄ in the control. The results indicate that in the presence of exogenous fe³⁺ or SO ₄ ²⁺ , methanogenic bacteria were outcompeted for H₂ by bacteria reducing Fe³⁺ or SO ₄ ²⁺ .Deceased on 27 December 1992     

Effect of iron deficiency on the growth,development and grain yield of some selected upland rice genotypes in the rainforest

Abstract

Iron deficiency is a major production constraint of upland rice in the tropics despite is abundance in the soil. This investigation aimed to explicate the effect of iron deficiency on the growth, development, grain yield and its attributes of some selected upland rice in the rainforest. Field experiments were established at Africa Rice sub-Station, Ibadan, Nigeria. The treatments consisted of 35 upland rice genotypes and availability of iron in the soil (Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient). The treatments were arranged in alpha lattice design with three replications. It was observed that upland rice sown in iron (Fe) deficient soils had significantly lower growth (plant height, number of tillers and seedling vigor), flowered later, with significantly lower yield attributes (1000 grain weight, filled grain) and grain yield than those sown in Fe-sufficient soils. Conversely, the number of unfilled grains were significantly higher in upland rice sown in Fe-deficient than those in sufficient soils. Percentage yield loss was in the range 98.00% to 22.95% for China best and Faro 65 respectively. Genotypes were identified to be tolerant (Faro 65, NERICA 3 and IRAT 109) and susceptible (Ofada 2, NERICA 5 and China Best) to Fe-deficiency based on their percentage grain yield loss. These evidences suggested that despite the increased phenology of upland rice sown in Fe-deficient soils their reproductive growth was suppressed through increased number of unfilled grains as witnessed in China Best and Faro 64.     

富铁水稻研究进展

本文简述了水稻品种间铁含量的差异性及其遗传控制,综述了采取提高铁绝对含量及增加其生物有效性开展富铁水稻的研究进展,包括常规育种、诱变育种、转基因技术。对富铁水稻研究中存在的问题及诱变技术在该方面的应用前景也作了探讨。     

福建若干山地土壤不同形态氧化铁的主组元分析

研究福建4条代表性山地土壤垂直带谱中铁的形态的结果表明,氧化铁的活化度和游离度随海拔升高而呈现规律性的变化,应用主组元分析法,前两个主组元全铁和游离铁的累计贡献率已达85％以上。据此认为,氧化铁的活化度可以作为划分常湿润铁铝土亚纲和湿润铁铝土亚纲的一项参考依据。     

几种土壤中不同形态铁及无定形硅铝的比较研究

分析研究白浆土、黑土和草甸土三类土壤不同形态铁和无定形硅铝表明,游离氧化铁的量在各类土中均为表层大于底层;铁的活化度白浆土高于黑土,而白浆土的白浆层又高于腐殖质层和淀积层;无定形硅、铝在白装土中层次之间分异明显,说明有淋淀现象发生,在黑土和草甸土中差异不大;新鲜有机质对铁的活化有显著作用,络合态铁和土壤腐殖质含量呈明显的正相关。     

pH、抗坏血酸对柠檬酸铁胺化学状态的影响

本研究对不同ｐＨ值、不同抗坏血酸水平及不同时间内柠檬酸铁胺中以各种化学状态存在的铁（包括可溶性铁、离子化铁、二价铁及三价铁）进行了定量分析和研究，结果表明，在本研究的ｐＨ值范围内（２．７～６．４），柠檬酸铁胺都可以保持较高的溶解性。低ｐＨ有助于溶解的铁以离子状态存在，随ｐＨ值的升高，柠檬酸铁胺中铁的离子化程度有下降趋势，且ｐＨ的升高阻止了三价铁向二价铁的转化，导致不溶性铁盐的形成，在本研究的ｐＨ范围内，抗坏血酸都表现出了还原性。抗坏血酸对柠檬酸铁胺都具有促进溶解、促进离子化、促进三价铁还原为二价铁，抗坏血酸的这些作用都是通过其还原作用和络合作用实现的。     

外源物质对水稻土铁还原的影响

在厌氧恒温培养条件下 ,测定了添加 EDTA、黄腐酸及醋酸盐对 4种不同水稻土中铁还原的影响。为了探讨不同土壤中微生物对铁的还原能力 ,以添加人工合成的 Fe(OH ) 3作为对比。结果表明 ,添加黄腐酸及醋酸盐对铁还原的影响在不同水稻土中表现不同 ,其中吉林和广东水稻土的变化明显 ,并且醋酸盐的作用大于黄腐酸 ;四川和江西水稻土添加黄腐酸及醋酸盐后铁还原量与对照没有显著差异。添加 Fe(OH) 3在吉林水稻土中能够引起铁还原的滞后现象 ,但最终的铁还原量与四川及江西水稻土相似 ,都较对照有明显的增加。在 2 5℃条件下培养 ,不同土壤中易还原氧化铁的数量不同 ,表现为吉林水稻土 >四川水稻土 >广东水稻土 >江西水稻土 ,其中广东水稻土中具有很大的铁还原潜力。     

添加铬、铁及葡萄糖对土壤中异化铁还原的影响

采用水稻土为供试土壤,通过添加氧化铁、铬酸盐和葡萄糖的模拟试验,在厌氧培养条件下测定了土壤中可浸提态的亚铁和铬( )浓度的变化,探讨了有机碳源及Cr( )、Fe对厌氧条件下水稻土中微生物铁还原的影响及Fe( )和Cr( )还原的竞争关系。结果表明,添加碳源和氧化铁后,能有效促进厌氧条件下水稻土中铁的异化还原过程,显著减小土壤中铬( )浓度;添加Cr( ),将导致土壤中铁还原滞后;厌氧水稻土中Fe( )和Cr( )的竞争还原机制为,有机电子供体导致氧化铁发生微生物还原,产生的Fe( )引起土壤中Cr( )的化学还原。     

异化铁还原对水稻土CH4,CO2及N2O形成的抑制

采用厌氧泥浆恒温培养实验,测定了4种不同水稻土及添加外源氧化铁后土壤中CH4,N2O和CO2分压及Fe()浓度的变化,探讨了影响温室气体产生的土壤化学及生物学因素。结果表明:不同土壤中甲烷产生量有很大差异,其产甲烷能力的顺序表现为四川水稻土>江西水稻土>吉林水稻土>广东水稻土,添加氧化铁可显著抑制土壤中甲烷的形成。培养过程中不同土壤产生的CO2浓度相近,变化趋势也基本相同,添加氧化铁后均可导致CO2浓度显著降低。广东水稻土中N2O气体分压显著大于其他土壤,并且释放高峰期持续时间长,不同水稻土N2O产生能力的顺序为广东水稻土>四川水稻土>江西水稻土>吉林水稻土。添加Fe(OH)3后,江西、四川和吉林水稻土中N2O气体分压明显降低,而广东水稻土表现为释放高峰期推后。吉林、四川和江西水稻土中铁还原比较迅速,而广东水稻土中铁还原有明显滞后现象。添加乙酸盐和H2对广东水稻土中甲烷生成有明显的促进作用,证实了乙酸盐及H2浓度是限制广东水稻土甲烷生成的重要条件,添加氧化铁可有效抑制外源乙酸盐及H2的产甲烷过程。