钙盐诱导下土壤锰和铁的释放及其对胡椒的生物有效性

Releases of manganese and iron ions from an albic soil (Albic-Udic Luvisol), a yellow-red soil (Hap-Udic Ferrisol) and a yellow-brown soil (Arp-Udic Luvisol) induced by calcium salt addition and their bioavailability to pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were studied in a pot experiment. Addition of Ca(NO₃)₂ decreased soil pH and increased both exchangeable and DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable Mn and Fe in soils. Meanwhile, total Mn accumulation in the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. on the salt-treated soils increased significantly (P< 0.01) compared with the control, suggesting that salt addition to soil induced Mn toxicity in Capsicum frutescens L. Although exchangeable and DTPA-extractable Fe increased also in the salt-treated soils, Fe uptake by the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased. The effect of added salts in soils on dry matter weight of pepper varied with the soil characteristics, showing different buffer capacities of the soils for salt toxicity in an order of yellow-brown soil > albic soil > yellow-red soil. Fe/Mn ratio in shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased with increasing salt addition for all the soils, which was ascribed to the antagonistic effect of Mn on Fe accumulation. The ratio of Fe/Mn in the tissue was a better indicator of the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms than Mn concentration alone.     

富铁水稻研究进展

本文简述了水稻品种间铁含量的差异性及其遗传控制,综述了采取提高铁绝对含量及增加其生物有效性开展富铁水稻的研究进展,包括常规育种、诱变育种、转基因技术。对富铁水稻研究中存在的问题及诱变技术在该方面的应用前景也作了探讨。     

增铵对小白菜生长和叶绿素含量的影响

在营养液中添加一定量的铵态氮能提高作物生物量和叶绿素含量。为研究增铵对植物生长及叶绿素含量的影响机理,采用了6个NO3-∶NH4 浓度比为5·0∶0·0、5·0∶2·5、5·0∶5·0、5·0∶7·5、5·0∶10·0和0·0∶5·0的处理对小白菜进行培养试验。结果表明,在5mmolL-1硝态氮存在时,适当添加一定量的铵态氮(2·5mmolL-1)小白菜生物量和叶面积分别增加39·6%和16·3%,叶面积与生物量显著相关(r=0·941,p<0·01)。营养液中铵态氮浓度与叶片SPAD值、活性铁及叶绿体蛋白质含量均显著相关,相关系数r分别为0·914、0·954和0·964。适当提高铵态氮浓度增加小白菜产量的机制在于其促进了叶片扩展,提高了总光合面积,其原因可能是适当提高铵态氮浓度促进了叶片细胞分裂。进一步研究表明,提高铵态氮浓度提高叶绿素含量的原因,可能在于其促进了小白菜体内全铁的再利用,从而提高了叶片活性铁含量和叶绿体蛋白质含量。     

柠檬酸对三种人工合成氧化铁磷吸附特性的影响

试验采用了3种人工合成的氧化铁为材料,研究了氧化铁对磷的吸附以及柠檬酸对氧化铁磷吸附特性的影响。结果表明:3种人工合成的氧化铁对磷的吸附特性及柠檬酸对氧化铁吸附磷的影响都可用Langumir方程来描述,都达到了极显著水平。从磷的最大吸附量(Sm)、吸附反应常数(K)和最大缓冲容量(MBC)来看,未加入柠檬酸时,水铁矿对磷的吸附在容量和强度方面均为最高;而在加入柠檬酸时,3种人工合成的氧化铁对磷的吸附能力的顺序并无差别,水铁矿和针铁矿的磷Sm和MBC要比赤铁矿大很多。     

铅对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中非特异性酯酶和髓过氧化物酶活性的影响

测定了栉孔扇贝在不同浓度铅(Pb2 )胁迫下血清与血细胞中非特异性酯酶(NSE)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性变化.结果表明,当Pb2 浓度在0.02mg·L-1和0.05mg·L-1时,血清中的酯酶活力和血细胞中以α-丁酸萘酯为底物的酯酶活力均高于对照组,当Pb2 浓度达到0.1 mg·L-1时,酶活力均低于对照组;血清和血细胞中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性变化随着Pb2 浓度的升高呈现较明显的抑制-诱导-抑制规律.栉孔扇贝血淋巴中两种酶对水体中Pb2 污染反映比较灵敏,可以作为检测海洋早期铅污染的一个生理指标.     

硅肥生产技术综述

综述了国内外硅肥发展概况以及粉煤灰硅肥、高炉渣硅肥的生产工艺。分析了国内利用粉煤灰、高炉渣生产硅肥发展缓慢的原因,并指出了今后对粉煤灰硅肥、高炉渣硅肥研究的重点。最后评估了利用粉煤灰、炼铁炉渣开发硅肥的经济效益和社会效益,这将为粉煤灰、高炉渣综合利用开辟提供有价值的参考。     

Metal contamination from open-cast copper and sulphur mining in southeast Ireland

The metal content was determined in soil and vegetation around the eastern zone of the disused sulphur and copper mines at Avoca (southeast Ireland). A 250 m × 250 m grid survey was conducted covering a total area of 4 km². The mining belt was in the centre of the investigated site and was sampled separately. Iron, Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations in soil and plant material were determined, in addition to soil organic matter content and soil pH. Soil samples taken from the spoil showed elevated Cu and Cd concentrations, and low soil pH and organic matter content. At least 50 per cent of the agricultural sites examined around the East Avoca Mine showed elevated soil Cu and Cd concentrations, whereas Zn and Fe soil concentrations were within the range for unpolluted soils. None of the vegetation analysed had elevated Zn, Cd, Fe or Cu concentrations. Overall there was no indication of serious metal contamination in either soils or vegetation surrounding the mine in spite of extensive dust deposition during open-pit mining activity 15–30 years ago. However, a plume of elevated Cu in the soil was identified, which originated from a large spoil heap and had been spread for some 2·0 km by the prevailing wind.     

石灰石砂砾负载铁膜及其强化除磷效果

为研究探讨出一种成本低、适用于农村生活污水处理的人工湿地填料负载铁膜方法,通过室内小试比较了石灰石砂砾、普通河沙砂砾2种材料,以及FeCl_3溶液、FeSO_4溶液、Fe(OH)_3胶体溶液3种含铁溶液,并比较了不同的工艺条件,包括4种加液方式:载体浸泡在溶液中不捞出、浸泡2 h后捞出、浸泡1 min后立即捞出和喷淋,3种干燥方式:105℃烘干、太阳晒干和室内自然晾干;同时构建了铁膜石灰石砂砾小型人工湿地,考察了其实际运行效果。试验优选出的负载铁膜方法为:石灰石砂砾浸泡在浓度为1.5 mol·L~(-1)的FeSO_4溶液中,使石灰石砂砾与溶液充分接触1 min后捞出,再将捞出后的石灰石砂砾室内通风自然晾干。铁膜石灰石砂砾对生活污水总磷的静态吸附去除率从普通石灰石砂砾的22.7%提高到80.6%;将其应用于小型人工湿地,总磷去除率比普通石灰石砂砾湿地提高了10%～15%。     

无机碳源对零价铁介导的自养脱氮序批式反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响

无机碳源作为自养微生物的能量来源,是影响自养脱氮细菌富集的重要因素。文章通过添加不同量的KHCO3作为ZVI介导的自养脱氮体系中无机碳源,研究反应体系的脱氮效果影响趋势以及适宜的无机碳源添加量。结果如下:1)KHCO3作为无机碳源可以显著提高NH^+4-N去除率,KHCO3添加量越多,其NH^+4-N去除率越高。KHCO3添加量分别为2 g,1 g,0.5 g的SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的NH^+4-N去除率分别为98.39%,65.18%,44.56%,相较不添加KHCO3的R0分别提高86.5%,53.29%,32.67%。ZVI的添加会降低KHCO3对NH^+4-N氧化的促进作用。2)KHCO3可明显提高TIN去除效果,促进总氮脱除的高低顺序是R1>R0.5>R2,SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的平均TIN去除率分别为19.01%,32.04%,27.62%,相较于空白组R0分别提高了10.60%,23.63%,19.21%。3)KHCO3可中和硝化反应产生的H^+,对反应体系具有缓冲作用,可使微生物处于较适宜的酸碱环境中,更有利于反应器的稳定运行。4)适量的无机碳源KHCO3可以促进氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性。该研究探讨了无机碳源在零价铁脱氮体系中的影响趋势,为铁型脱氮技术提供了理论支撑。     

左氧氟沙星在铁氧化物表面的吸附：动力学和pH的影响

通过批吸附动力学、等温吸附试验,并结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术和衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATRFTIR),揭示不同pH下左氧氟沙星(LEV)在铁氧化物表面的吸附机制。结果表明：溶液pH对LEV在针铁矿表面的吸附影响较大,不同pH下,其吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学模型(R²>0.98)。在pH为4时,3 h左右达到吸附平衡,而在pH为8时,12 h达到吸附平衡,并且pH为4的吸附量约是pH为8的2倍。XPS和ATR-FTIR的结果一致表明,静电作用和化学吸附是其主要吸附机制,在低pH(pH为4)时,LEV在针铁矿表面主要以单核双齿形态被吸附,在高pH(pH为8)时,主要以双核双齿形态被吸附。在中间pH(pH为6)时,由于静电排斥作用,导致其吸附量最大。