波兰喀尔巴阡山麓漂白淋溶土中铁锰结核的分布、形态和化学组成研究

Iron and manganese oxides are common components of soils. They frequently occur in nodules constituting important soil sorbents and play a crucial role in a number of chemical reactions in the soil environment. In addition, the oxides are very sensitive to environmental changes (moisture, pH, Eh) constituting important indicators of soil-forming processes and water movement in the landscape. The objectives of the study were: i) to examine the distribution and size of Fe-Mn nodules in Albeluvisols containing a fragipan horizon; ii) to determine the morphology and chemical composition of the nodules, and iii) to estimate the effect of the fragipan horizon on water movement within the soil profile. An investigation was carried out on five soil profiles containing a fragipan horizon and classified as Fragic Albeluvisols within the Carpathian Foothills in Poland. In the Albeluvisols studied, the maximum concentration of Fe-Mn nodules occurred in the horizon lying directly on the fragipan horizon. This suggests that the pan acts as a natural barrier restricting water infiltration and leads to the seasonal development of a perched water table promoting redox processes. The most common are coarse (1--0.5 mm) and medium (0.5--0.25 mm) irregular Fe-Mn nodules showing a gradual boundary and undifferentiated internal fabric. Eluvial horizons contained also larger amounts of round and dense nodules with a sharp boundary, suggesting frequent oxidation and reduction. The fragipan horizon contained mainly irregular and soft nodules, suggesting longer saturation with water during the year. Concentrations of trace elements (Cu, Zn) and P were higher within Fe-Mn nodules than in the surrounding soil materials, showing that iron and manganese oxides adsorbed and immobilised these elements.     

苹果砧木新品种中砧1号

铁是植物生长的必需微量元素,缺铁导致苹果发生失绿症,生长结果受到影响.我国苹果主产区恰在缺铁区域范围内,因此,从丰富的苹果种质资源中筛选出铁高效型资源,通过育种手段选育出耐缺铁苹果砧木新品种,是解决苹果生产上因缺铁造成生长发育受影响、产量品质受损的根本性途径.1984年开始,本项目组从苹果属40个苹果树砧木种质资源中筛选铁高效基因型,发现小金海棠在Fe含量极低的条件下仍然能够正常生长,未表现出缺铁失绿症状,为铁高效型.随后,以小金海棠(Malus xiaojinensis Cheng et Jiang)实生苗为基础,建立小金海棠开放授粉杂交后代群体.1990年,从自然实生群体中初选出育种优系.经复选比较试验,选育出苹果无性系砧木中砧1号.中砧1号染色体数为四倍体(2n=4x=68),具有无融合生殖能力,去雄套袋坐果率85％以上.与苹果栽培品种嫁接亲和性好,苗干直立性好,固地性强,半矮化,矮化程度、提早结果作用及丰产能力均与苹果半矮化砧木M7相近.果实风味甜,适口性好,品质极佳.抗苹果早期落叶病和枝干轮纹病,高抗苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(CLSV)、茎痘病毒(SPV)及茎沟槽病毒(SGV)等潜隐病毒.在石灰母质土壤地区用作苹果自根砧木,可有效避免缺铁黄化现象的发生.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对不同类型盐碱胁迫下向日葵生长及盐离子积累的影响

目的 探讨接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌对不同类型盐碱胁迫下向日葵生长和盐分离子积累的影响,为不同类型盐碱地的利用与生物修复提供基础数据和技术支持。方法 采用温室盆栽的方式,研究接种AM真菌摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae处理对不同类型盐碱胁迫(CK、NaCl、NaCl+Na₂SO₄、NaCl+NaHCO₃)下向日葵Helianthus annuus菌根侵染率、生物量、营养元素吸收、C∶N∶P化学计量比、Na⁺吸收积累、光合作用以及细胞膜透性的影响。结果 3种类型盐碱胁迫使得接种AM真菌F. mosseae向日葵菌根侵染率降低29.53%~47.31%。3种类型盐碱胁迫处理均在一定程度上抑制了向日葵的生长,抑制效果的顺序为NaCl+Na₂SO₄>NaCl+NaHCO₃>NaCl。接种AM真菌使得NaCl、NaCl+Na₂SO₄、NaCl+NaHCO₃盐碱胁迫下向日葵的总干质量分别增加了19.58%、42.15%和60.35%。接种AM真菌使CK、NaCl和NaCl+NaHCO₃处理茎叶P质量分数分别增加了82.50%、71.11%和74.47%,使CK和NaCl+NaHCO₃处理根系P质量分数分别增加了61.54%和88.37%;使CK和NaCl+NaHCO₃处理茎叶和根系C∶P和N∶P显著降低,使NaCl处理茎叶C∶P和N∶P显著降低。接种AM真菌使NaCl+NaHCO₃处理茎叶和根系Na⁺积累量增加了33.76%和82.25%,使NaCl+Na₂SO₄处理根系Na⁺积累量增加了74.20%。接种AM真菌使NaCl和NaCl+NaHCO₃处理叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)增加了11.67%和10.12%,使NaCl+NaHCO₃处理叶片气孔导度(Gs)增加了20.00%,使3种类型盐碱胁迫处理下叶片的净光合速率(Pn)均呈增加的趋势;使NaCl+NaHCO₃处理叶片细胞膜透性降低了51.49%。结论 AM真菌可在一定程度上缓解盐碱胁迫处理对向日葵生长的毒害作用,但接种效应在不同类型盐碱胁迫间存在显著差异。     

小金海棠类黄色条纹蛋白基因MxYSL7的克隆与表达分析

为了解铁高效基因型小金海棠抗缺铁的分子机制,对与铁运输相关的YSL基因进行了克隆与分析.分析苹果的EST库得到一个686 bp的YSL基因片段.经3′-RACE及后期拼接得到1 500 bp的该基因的3′端序列.其预测蛋白含10个跨膜区,与拟南芥AtYSL7基因同源性达71%,命名为MxYSL7.RT-PCR及Northern分析表明,小金海棠的该基因只在地上部分表达:在茎与成熟叶中,随着低铁处理时间的延长,该基因表达量减少;随着高铁处理时间的延长,该基因表达量增多.新叶中的表达趋势与茎和成熟叶中的趋势正好相反.讨论了MxYSL7在小金海棠体内铁营养代谢中的作用.认为MxYSL7可能参与了体内铁在木质部和韧皮部的运输过程,并参与铁在体内的解毒过程.     

间作条件下作物对铁的吸收利用和病害控制*

 合理间作不但有提高作物产量优势,而且铁的吸收利用效率也会提高,对病害控制有所加强。从目前对铁的研究而言,铁与作物病害的发生关系已有一些报道,但在间作条件下作物对铁的吸收利用和病害控制关系研究很少。因此,从间作条件下作物对铁的吸收利用、病害控制及铁对病害的影响3个方面进行文献综述和讨论具有重要科研指导意义。     

铁在寒地早粳花药培养中的效应研究

摘要：铁是水稻花培培养基的重要成分。通过对7份寒地早粳组合F1（或品系）花药在不同Fe2+含量培养基上离体培养,发现培养基中的Fe2+的含量对诱导率、绿苗分化率影响较大。结果表明在N6培养基中将Fe2+提高到32-40mg/kg诱导率最大,高于N6培养基（Fe2+含量为5.6mg/kg）1.4倍以上。在此以内随着Fe2+含量的增加诱导率增加,大于此含量诱导率降低,呈单峰曲线分布。分化培养基中Fe2+含量增加到40mg/kg分化率显著降低。但在32-40mg/kgFe2+培养基上诱导出的愈伤组织在MS培养基上的绿苗分化率差异明显,71.4%材料可使绿苗生产率提高到9.2%左右。因此适当提高诱导培养基中Fe2+含量可提高寒地早粳的花培效率。     

Effects of ferrous iron (Fe) on the germination and root elongation of paddy rice and weeds

Laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze the iron (Fe) tolerance of paddy weeds and rice varieties (Oryza sativa) for germination and root elongation. Under a waterlogged soil condition, the Fe(II) content in a soil solution increased with an increase in the ratio of rice straw to the soil. In the presence of 0.9% (w/w) straw to soil, which corresponds approximately to 8 t of straw applied to an area of 1 ha × 10 cm depth in the field, ～80 mg L^?1 of Fe(II) was produced in the soil solution. Based on this result, the seeds of rice and the weeds were incubated in a solution with <100 mg L^?1 of Fe(II). The presence of 100 mg L^?1 of Fe(II) suppressed the germination of Echinochloa crus‐galli var. crus‐galli, Cyperus serotinus, Cyperus difformis, and Monochoria korsakowii. However, it had no effect on the germination of Echinochloa oryzicola, Schoenoplectus juncoides (= Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus), and Monochoria vaginalis. This level of Fe tolerance was the same as that of rice. These findings suggest that E. oryzicola, S. juncoides, and M. vaginalis can grow under more severe conditions than E. crus‐galli, C. serotinus, C. difformis, and M. korsakowii. In relation to seminal root elongation, the order of tolerance of Fe toxicity was O. sativa cv. Dunghan Shali > O. sativa cv. Hoshinoyume > E. oryzicola > M. vaginalis > S. juncoides. Thus, the results show that the tolerance of rice is greater than that of E. oryzicola, which had a comparatively strong tolerance among the weeds examined, and also that there are differences in tolerance among the rice varieties. These findings suggest that the difference in Fe tolerance is involved in weed control systems when organic materials are applied. If this difference is an important factor in the weed control system, Fe‐tolerant rice varieties, like cv. D. Shali, could facilitate weed control systems due to their higher Fe tolerance ability.     

石灰质土壤上不同葡萄品种叶片的铁含量与其黄化的关系

以石灰性土壤上8年生的3个欧亚种鲜食葡萄品种(红脸无核Blush Seedless、玫瑰香MuscatHamburg、里扎马特Rizamat) 以及3个欧美杂种(京亚J ingya、藤稔Fujiminori、紫珍香Zizhenxiang) 为试材, 通过对叶片叶绿素、活性铁和全铁含量相互关系的分析发现, 不同品种新叶到成熟叶的叶绿素、活性铁和全铁含量逐渐增加; 黄化叶片叶绿素比绿叶显著降低, 重度黄化欧美杂种1、2位叶活性铁含量显著低于未黄化欧亚种; 不同品种1、2位叶全铁含量比较, 黄化叶与绿叶差别不大, 有时黄化叶比绿叶全铁含量高; 欧亚种红脸无核和玫瑰香4位叶全铁含量显著高于黄化品种4位叶。叶片叶绿素含量与其黄化程度呈负相关, 与活性铁和全铁含量呈正相关。     

高铁高硒日粮对鸡蛋品质的影响

用高铁高硒日粮饲喂产蛋母鸡,观察蛋品质的变化,结果表明,蛋黄重、蛋黄重／蛋重比略有下降,蛋白质／蛋重比、哈夫单位有所提高,蛋壳／蛋重比,蛋壳厚度及蛋壳密度无明显变化,提示：高铁高硒日粮不会引起蛋品质的明显下降。     

Fe(Ⅲ)-H_2O_2-甲基蓝体系催化动力学光度法测定痕量Fe(Ⅲ)

在 H2 SO4 介质中 ,痕量 Fe( )对 H2 O2 氧化甲基蓝褪色反应具有较强的催化作用 ,据此建立了一种催化动力学光度法测定痕量 Fe( )的新方法 .该方法的线性范围为 0 .0 192 - 0 .0 6 6 0μg· m L-1,检测限为 8.0 1×10 -10 g· m L-1.用于水样中痕量 Fe( )的测定 ,结果满意 .