土壤游离氧化铁高光谱特征与定量反演

【目的】建立基于可见-近红外光谱的土壤游离铁精确预测模型,简单、快速、经济地预测土壤游离铁,有助于研究土壤发生和分类。【方法】采集广西壮族自治区的铁铝土、富铁土、淋溶土和雏形土等82个旱地土壤剖面的B层土壤,进行室内土壤化学分析、光谱测定,分析不同光谱变换后的光谱反射率与土壤游离铁含量的相关性。基于特征波段利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)法建立土壤游离铁含量光谱预测模型,通过决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和相对预测偏差(PRD)确定最优模型。【结果】土壤光谱曲线分别在457、800和900 nm波段附近有明显的游离铁吸收和反射峰特征;土壤游离铁含量与原始光谱反射率呈负相关;原始光谱经过微分变换后,游离铁含量与光谱反射率相关性显著提高;基于400～580和760～1 300 nm特征波段和一阶微分光谱变换的SMLR模型预测精度最高,其验证集的R2和RPD分别为0.85和2.62,RMSE为8.41 g·kg~(-1)。【结论】将可见近红外光谱技术应用于土壤游离铁含量高效快速地预测具有良好的可行性。广西旱地土壤光谱反射率与土壤游离铁含量具有高度的相关性,应用逐步多元线性回归方法可以很好地建立土壤游离铁含量反演模型。     

卡拉库尔羊妊娠母羊铜、锌、铁、锰的含量测定

为了探索微量元素对妊娠母羊营养状况的影响,选取体重相近、年龄和胎次相同的卡拉库尔羊妊娠母羊和空怀母羊各6只,清晨采取颈静脉血样和臀部毛样,利用原子吸收光谱法对铜、锌、铁、锰4种微量元素含量进行了测定(国标法)。结果表明:血清中,铜的含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05);全血中,铁、铜、锰含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05);羊毛中,铜、锰含量在妊娠母羊与空怀母羊之间差异显著(P<0.05)。     

稻田土壤还原性物质特征及与甲烷排放的关联性分析

以南方稻田土壤的定位试验为研究对象,选取其中的五种不同施肥(无肥、化肥、猪粪+化肥、鸡粪+化肥、稻草+化肥)处理,监测了水稻生长期间土壤活性还原性物质、活性有机还原性物质、亚铁(Fe2+)含量、土壤Eh值和甲烷(CH4)排放的动态变化,分析还原性物质与CH4排放的关系。结果表明,水稻生长前期稻田CH4排放通量、土壤活性还原性物质、活性有机还原性物质和Fe2+含量均较高,并随水稻生长呈逐渐下降的趋势;而土壤Eh在水稻整个生育期介于-238至118 mv之间,且为水稻生长前期低,后期高。施用有机肥后的土壤活性还原性物质和Fe2+含量比化肥处理平均分别增加了13%和11%,而土壤Eh值则低于无肥和化肥处理。相关分析表明,CH4排放通量与土壤中活性还原性物质、Fe2+均呈极显著正相关关系,而与土壤Eh呈极显著负相关关系。通过逐步回归分析进一步表明,土壤中Fe2+含量显著影响稻田CH4排放,控制稻田土壤中Fe2+含量有利于稻田CH4的减排。     

The Design and its Implementation of a MultiMedia Course for Cast Iron Welding

How to develop a multimedia course for cast iron welding is discussed.The course is implemented with a multimedia application development software ToolBook 3.0.     

等温淬火球墨铸铁的热处理及应用

探索了等温淬火球墨铸铁的生产工艺,分析了原料化学成分的选择,及铸造工艺中的熔炼、球化和孕育处理、浇注温度对制取球墨铸铁的影响;在获得基体组织合理的球墨铸铁的前提下,重点分析了热处理工艺中的奥氏体化温度、等温淬火温度和时间对ADI组织及性能的影响,通过实验及分析,确定了制取理想ADI的最佳热处理工艺。     

Bragg soybeans grown on a southern coastal plain soil III. Seasonal changes in nodal Fe,Zn, and Mn concentrations

Determinate soybean [Glyclne max (L.) Merr.] has been characterized by few detailed micronutrlent partitioning studies. Knowledge of the variation in mlcronutrient concentrations with plant part, nodal position, and plant age is needed for a better understanding of plant functions. In this field study, ‘Bragg’ soybean were grown on an Aquic Paleudult soil (Series Goldsboro loamy sand). Plants were sampled at 10–14 day intervals beginning 44 days after planting (July 7) until harvest. Maximum observed Fe concentrations were 152, 276, 259, and 191 ppm for stem internodes, petioles (+ branches), leaf blades, and pods, respectively. Maximum observed Zn concentrations were 118, 91, 95, and 112 ppm for the same respective plant parts. Maximum observed Mn concentrations were 41, 73, 134, and 63 ppm for the same respective plant parts. Nodal and temporal mean concentra tlons of Fe, Zn, and Mn generally varied considerably due to plant age and nodal position, respectively, in all plant parts. These data document that for plant analysis, mean concentrations of elements in all four plant parts can vary by several fold depending upon plant age and nodal composition of the sample. Regression equations and associated response surfaces will be extremely useful in the development of accurate plant growth models which describe Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations and translocations among parts of determinate soybean.     

Fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau as a dust source: iron mineralogical and geochemical evidence

The Alagxa Plateau, in the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most important dust source areas in East Asia, and the widespread sandy desert in the area is important both as a reservoir and a source of eolian silty. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the most actively-growing mountain belt on earth, and has large amounts of debris, with masses of fine grained material, which were continuously mobilized and deposited in the Alagxa Plateau by rivers, forming broad alluvial fans. It is possible that the role of fluvial sediments as a source of silty dust in the Alagxa Plateau has been underestimated. In this study, we test this hypothesis by investigating the iron mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the fluvial sediments and the surface material of the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau, and comparing them with paleo-eolian dust deposits(loess) in the adjacent Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP) to investigate the possible linkages among the fluvial sediments, sandy desert and the last glacial loess of the CLP. The results show that sandy desert typically have high contents of goethite, and high ratios of goethite to hematite, similar to the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau. Based on the major element characteristics, field investigations and the results of previous studies, we found a genetic link between the silt component of the fluvial sediments and the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau with high value of Gt(goethite) and similarity of the Gt/(Hm(hematite)+Gt) ratio. But the silt component of the sandy desert main come from the adjacent fluvial sediments. The iron mineralogical characteristics(χ(magnetic susceptibility), χARM(anhysteretic susceptibility), SIRM(saturation isothermal remanent magnetization) and SIRM_(AF100 mT)(SIRM demagnetized at 100 mT)) of the CLP samples overlap with those of the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau, but there is a mismatch with the sandy desert samples. This suggests that the fluvial sediments are the source of a large amount of silty material which could be transported to the CLP. Therefore, we conclude that the fluvial sediment in the Alagxa Plateau is an important source of eolian silt, which is deposited in downwind region, and that this source has been previously underestimated.     

羊种布鲁氏菌M5-90疫苗株铁应答调控因子irr和rirA基因缺失株的构建与鉴定

为研究铁调控因子irr和rirA在羊种布鲁氏菌（Brucella melitensis）感染过程中的作用,本研究通过卡那替换的方法构建两个缺失株M5-90Δirr和M5-90ΔrirA,分别将亲本株和缺失株在相同营养条件下培养36 h,观察其振荡培养时的生长变化趋势。分别将1×10⁸ CFU M5-90Δirr、M5-90ΔrirA和M5-90接种到含1.5 mol/L NaCl、pH 2.5、pH 11.5、10 mmol/L H₂O₂的1 mL布鲁氏菌液体培养基,比较缺失株和亲本株在不同条件下的生长特性;分别以1×10⁶ CFU M5-90Δirr、M5-90ΔrirA和M5-90感染小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7检测缺失株的黏附、侵袭和胞内生存能力。结果显示,在相同体外培养条件下缺失株M5-90Δirr和M5-90ΔrirA生长速度明显低于亲本株;M5-90Δirr、M5-90ΔrirA在高盐、强酸和强碱环境下生存率均显著或极显著低于亲本株（P<0.05;P<0.01）,在H₂O₂条件下这两个缺失株的生存率却显著高于亲本株（P<0.05）。与亲本株相比,缺失株在小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7内的侵袭和黏附能力均减弱,在感染后45 min缺失株M5-90Δirr和M5-90ΔrirA的黏附和侵袭能力均极显著低于亲本株（P<0.01）,但在感染后24 h,这两个缺失株在细胞内繁殖能力与亲本株相比有所增强。本研究报道了irr和rirA基因不仅调控了羊种布鲁氏菌的生长,同时对细菌黏附和侵袭能力也产生一定的影响,M5-90Δirr和M5-90ΔrirA是两株具有潜力的布鲁氏菌候选疫苗株。     

草酸诱导黄瓜抗炭疽病的机理研究

 本文进一步证明草酸能显著诱导黄瓜对炭疽病的系统抗性,同时发现硫酸亚铁亦具有显著的诱抗效果。草酸能诱导局部叶片及系统叶片中壁共价键结合态、壁离子键结合态和可溶态过氧化物酶(POD)活性提高,其中离子键结合态POD活性提高量最大,共价键结合态POD活性提高倍数最大。草酸处理后还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)与氧化型抗坏血酸(DHAsA)的比值和亚铁离子(Fe²⁺)与三价铁离子(Fe³⁺)的比值均明显增加。对壁结合态POD、Fe²⁺、As A在草酸诱导抗病性中的作用进行了较深入的讨论。