不同林龄刺槐林对冀东铁尾矿客土土壤养分含量的影响

本研究选择唐山迁安马兰庄铁尾矿人工造林的3年生、5年生和12年生的刺槐林为研究对象,以未造林空地为对照,通过测定不同林龄林下土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全磷、全钾、全氮含量,对比分析不同林龄刺槐对尾矿养分含量的影响,评价刺槐林对尾矿养分的改善效果。结果表明:(1)3个林龄地土壤pH差异不显著,均呈现弱酸性,土层越深,酸性越强。(2)不同林龄土壤有机质含量为:12年5年3年对照。(3)土壤全氮含量与有机质含量变化趋势相同,全磷、全钾含量变化为:3年5年12年对照;碱解氮含量变化与全氮含量变化相反,3年5年12年,且与对照相近或小于对照;而速效磷含量是对照空地最大,不同林龄未表现出明显的规律性;速效钾含量与全钾含量变化相同,对照3年5年12年。(4)不同林龄地养分含量普遍具有表聚性,随着土壤深度的增加呈现减少趋势。相关性分析结果表明,土壤深度对pH值、碱解氮和速效钾、有机质含量影响极显著或显著,而林龄仅对土壤全磷和速效磷含量有较显著影响(P0.01),对其他养分含量影响不显著。相比林龄,土壤深度对土壤酸碱性和养分含量的影响作用更大。     

沟渠化对沼泽湿地土壤铁分异的影响

利用沼泽湿地中距离渠岸不同位置所形成的沼泽土壤水文植被特征的差异,通过原位采集不同深度的土壤和土壤溶液,比较了湿地土壤固相和液相中铁的空间分异,分析了沟渠化对这种分异的影响。结果表明,土壤总铁量呈距离沟渠越近其质量分数越高,总铁量从沟渠边(25.17±4.06)g/kg下降到8.8 m外的(21.81±3.47)g/kg,减少了13.35%;无论溶解性亚铁(Fe~(2+))、溶解性高铁(Fe~(3+))还是溶解性总铁,都表现为随沟渠距离增加,先增加再降低的趋势,即距离沟渠4.4 m处溶解性铁质量浓度最高((1.75±0.95)mg/L);以溶解性亚铁(Fe~(2+))与溶解性高铁(Fe~(3+))质量浓度比,表征的土壤氧化还原环境以距离沟渠6.6 m处还原性最强。沟渠对天然湿地的穿过显著影响土壤铁的分布,导致部分铁通过土壤表层(0~-10 cm)的冲刷和中上层土壤(-20~-40 cm)的侧向渗流从沟渠两侧土壤向沟渠汇集,从而导致天然湿地土壤铁的流失。土壤p H值和水势是影响土壤铁空间分异的主要因素。     

长庆原油脱水过程W/O型乳状液的形成与特性

长庆油田油气储运系统沉降罐内油水过渡层加厚,导致净化油含水过高,影响原油正常生产.以长庆靖安油田脱水过程中沉降罐内产生的中间层乳状液为对象,借助显微镜、色谱、X射线衍射仪和X射线能谱仪等技术手段,研究其宏观特性及其分离出的水、油和固相的特性,揭示中间层乳状液的形成机制及其物理特性的影响因素.测试结果：分离出的水中硫质量浓度为35.82 mg/L、总铁45 mg/L,硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）含量为104～105个/mL,污水粒径中值为85.63 μm,沥青质/胶质质量分数为3.78％,固体中FeS含量较高.结果表明：联合站上游集油系统腐蚀严重,乳状液中原油老化严重,固体物质除了因腐蚀而产生的FeS外,还有大量伴随原油开采地层中的石英、长石和粘土等矿物.（表3,图7,参6）     

不同生育期水稻根表铁膜的形成及其对水稻吸收和转运Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究不同生育期水稻根表铁膜的形成及其对水稻吸收和转运Cd的影响.结果表明,水稻根表铁膜的形成受到不同品种和不同生育期影响.随着生育期的延长,两种水稻(YD6和NK57)根表铁膜形成量均呈下降趋势.与分蘖期相比,YD6和NK57根表铁膜量孕穗期分别减少82.9％和44.4％,成熟期分别减少85.2％和82.52％.两种水稻根系和茎叶Cd含量随着水稻生育期的延长而增加.YD6籽粒Cd含量显著高于NK57.Cd在水稻植株的富集系数和分配比率随着不同品种和生育期产生较大变化.YD6品种从根表铁膜和根系向籽粒转运Cd的能力显著大于NK57.水稻成熟期,根表铁膜量与茎叶和籽粒Cd含量呈极显著的负相关(P＜0.01),说明根表铁膜形成可抑制Cd向水稻地上部转运.研究结果暗示可通过不同生育期的管理调节水稻根表铁膜的形成,减少Cd向稻谷中转运,从而降低Cd对人体健康的危害.     

中低渗油藏调驱用纳米聚合物微球的稳定性能评价

本文针对纳米微球调剖的要求,通过分散稳定实验和粒径的电镜分析对三种反相微乳液制备的微球进行了筛选,并对选定的MG-50型微球进行热稳定性实验和剪切稳定性实验。结果表明,MG-50型微球在地层水和注入水中长期分散稳定,22 d粒径膨胀倍数高达7倍,分布范围大;0.3%MG-50微球乳液注入低渗透填砂管在85℃放置三个月封堵率仍在75%以上,但是强度下降,易破碎;流变性测量表明该乳液剪切变稀, 结合Darcy公式和Poiseuille定律计算了体系不同速率下注入低渗岩心的剪切速率,结果显示剪切速率对的阻力系数影响不大,即该体系有较好的抗剪切作用。     

铁对番茄镉积累及其化学形态的影响

 采用番茄盆栽试验研究了在重金属Cd（10 mg · kg-1）污染条件下,叶面喷施不同浓度（0、 200 和400 μmol · L-1）Fe（FeSO4 · 7H2O）对番茄‘4641’和‘渝粉109’生长、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性 及番茄体内Cd 形态和积累量的影响。结果表明,喷施Fe 后,番茄果实、根、茎、叶干质量和植株总干质 量,以及Cd 含量和积累量在2 个品种之间的差异达到了显著水平。Fe 处理显著增加了2 个番茄品种的果 实、根、茎、叶及植株总干质量。随Fe 浓度增加,番茄叶片Pn、Gs 和Tr 以及‘渝粉109’POD 活性、‘4641’ 叶CAT 活性先增加,然后降低;而叶片Ci 以及‘渝粉109’叶SOD 活性则先下降然后回升。番茄果实中 各形态Cd 含量的顺序为：残渣态Cd（FR）> 盐酸提取态Cd（FHCl）> 乙醇提取态Cd（FE）> 氯化钠提 取态Cd（FNaCl）> 乙酸提取态Cd（FHAc）> 去离子水提取态Cd（FW）。适量的Fe（200 μmol · L-1）减少 了番茄果实中各形态Cd 含量,但高量Fe（400 μmol · L-1 ）增加了‘4641’果实中FHCl、FR 以及‘渝粉 109’果实中FE、FNaCl、FR 和Cd 总提取量。番茄各部位Cd 积累量的顺序为：叶 > 茎 > 果实 > 根。叶 面喷施Fe（200 μmol · L-1）使番茄叶、茎、根和果实中的Cd 含量相比对照处理分别降低了7.1% ~ 21.9%、 35.6% ~ 50.4%、13.1% ~ 37.0%和2.8% ~ 8.2%。供试2 个番茄品种,无论喷Fe 与否,果实Cd 含量、果实 Cd 积累量和植株Cd 总积累量均为‘4641’<‘渝粉109’。     

Effects of Long-Term Inorganic and Organic Fertilization on Soil Micronutrient Status

Soil micronutrients were studied on loess soil with an 18-year long-term experiment. The results indicated that total soil iron and copper contents were similar under all treatments, but total soil manganese and zinc contents were significantly greater at the surface soil in the fertilized plots than in the controls, and total manganese contents were significantly greater in the whole soil profile under manure plus inorganic fertilizers than under controls. Generally, application of inorganic fertilizers had no effects on available soil micronutrient contents. The straw plus inorganic fertilizers significantly increased available manganese content at surface soil and available iron in subsurface soils. However, manure plus inorganic fertilizers significantly augmented soil-available iron contents throughout the profile, and raised available manganese, copper, and zinc contents, respectively, at surface soil relative to controls. The results suggest that long-term input of organic amendments alter the properties of soil and increase its plant-available micronutrient contents.     

Some interactions of cadmium with other elements in plants

Abstract

Cadmium in solution culture at 10^‐4 M decreased Mn concentrations in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) at both low and high concentrations of Mn (noncompetitive inhibition). When Mn was decreased, the concentrations of Fe and several other ions were simultaneously increased, particularly in leaves and roots. Toxicity due to the 10^‐6 M Cd and the 10^‐4 M Mn was additive in the experiment. When barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Atlas57)was grown in amended soil, 15μg Fe as DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) per g soil resulted in increased uptake of Cd and in somewhat greater yield depression for soil pH of 3.9, 6. 0, and 7.6. Acidification of soil without DTPA also increased Cd uptake to high levels with associated yield decrease. The Cd decreased the uptake of Mn and Cu most when CaCO₃ had also been added to the soil. When salts were added to soil with Cd before bush beans were grown, KCl (200 μg K/g soil), and equivalent KH₂PO₄ increased Cd concentrations of leaves while CaSO₄ and KCl did so for roots. In bush beans with different levels of Cd and Zn, there were no yield interactions, but some interactions of Cd on Zn concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots at the high Zn level.     

Responses of earlirose rice to iron,zinc, and BPDS when grown on calcareous soil

Abstract

The Earlirose cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in calcareous Hacienda loam soil was extremely Fe deficient. The Fe deficiency was corrected by premixing 40 ppm Fe (as FeSO₄) into the soil before transplanting plants. The Fe deficiency appeared to be induced by high plant levels of Cu and Mn. Addition of Zn (40 ppm as ZnSO₄) intensified the Fe deficiency. The Fe addition did not overcome the effect of the Zn. BPDS (bathophenanthroline disulfonate), a chelator of Fe⁺⁺, had little effect on the results.     

Association of soil properties and soil and plant iron to iron deficiency response in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Abstract

Problems are invariably encountered when attempts are made to explain the variability in Bray percent yields or plant response in terms of soil or plant iron (Fe). To resolve this inconsistency, the present investigation was initiated to identify a combination of soil extractable Fe, soil properties and form of plant Fe that may be used as a measure of Fe deficiency. The study involved 16 diverse soils, using upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) as the test crop and Fe‐EDDHA [ferric ethylenediamine di (o‐hydroxyl‐phenyl acetic acid)] as source of Fe. The results showed that Bray percent yields were neither related to DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) or EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) extractable Fe nor with total plant Fe. Even the inclusion of pH, lime, organic carbon and clay data in the regression equations was of no value. However, Bray percent yields were significantly and positively (r = 0.57* ) associated with ferrous Fe (Fe²⁺) in 40‐day‐old rice plants. The explanation concerning variability in Bray percent yields obtained on diverse soils could be increased about one and half 2 times (R²= 0.59*) if the contribution of lime and soil pH was also incorporated in the stepwise regression analysis. The individual contribution to R of lime, pi respectively. Thus, it appears that Fe²⁺ concentration in plants (along with soil pH) may identify Fe deficiency. The critical limit to separate Fe deficient from green rice plants was set at 45 ug Fe²⁺/g in the leaves.