长庆原油脱水过程W/O型乳状液的形成与特性

长庆油田油气储运系统沉降罐内油水过渡层加厚,导致净化油含水过高,影响原油正常生产.以长庆靖安油田脱水过程中沉降罐内产生的中间层乳状液为对象,借助显微镜、色谱、X射线衍射仪和X射线能谱仪等技术手段,研究其宏观特性及其分离出的水、油和固相的特性,揭示中间层乳状液的形成机制及其物理特性的影响因素.测试结果：分离出的水中硫质量浓度为35.82 mg/L、总铁45 mg/L,硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）含量为104～105个/mL,污水粒径中值为85.63 μm,沥青质/胶质质量分数为3.78％,固体中FeS含量较高.结果表明：联合站上游集油系统腐蚀严重,乳状液中原油老化严重,固体物质除了因腐蚀而产生的FeS外,还有大量伴随原油开采地层中的石英、长石和粘土等矿物.（表3,图7,参6）     

中低渗油藏调驱用纳米聚合物微球的稳定性能评价

本文针对纳米微球调剖的要求,通过分散稳定实验和粒径的电镜分析对三种反相微乳液制备的微球进行了筛选,并对选定的MG-50型微球进行热稳定性实验和剪切稳定性实验。结果表明,MG-50型微球在地层水和注入水中长期分散稳定,22 d粒径膨胀倍数高达7倍,分布范围大;0.3%MG-50微球乳液注入低渗透填砂管在85℃放置三个月封堵率仍在75%以上,但是强度下降,易破碎;流变性测量表明该乳液剪切变稀, 结合Darcy公式和Poiseuille定律计算了体系不同速率下注入低渗岩心的剪切速率,结果显示剪切速率对的阻力系数影响不大,即该体系有较好的抗剪切作用。     

铁对番茄镉积累及其化学形态的影响

 采用番茄盆栽试验研究了在重金属Cd（10 mg · kg-1）污染条件下,叶面喷施不同浓度（0、 200 和400 μmol · L-1）Fe（FeSO4 · 7H2O）对番茄‘4641’和‘渝粉109’生长、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性 及番茄体内Cd 形态和积累量的影响。结果表明,喷施Fe 后,番茄果实、根、茎、叶干质量和植株总干质 量,以及Cd 含量和积累量在2 个品种之间的差异达到了显著水平。Fe 处理显著增加了2 个番茄品种的果 实、根、茎、叶及植株总干质量。随Fe 浓度增加,番茄叶片Pn、Gs 和Tr 以及‘渝粉109’POD 活性、‘4641’ 叶CAT 活性先增加,然后降低;而叶片Ci 以及‘渝粉109’叶SOD 活性则先下降然后回升。番茄果实中 各形态Cd 含量的顺序为：残渣态Cd（FR）> 盐酸提取态Cd（FHCl）> 乙醇提取态Cd（FE）> 氯化钠提 取态Cd（FNaCl）> 乙酸提取态Cd（FHAc）> 去离子水提取态Cd（FW）。适量的Fe（200 μmol · L-1）减少 了番茄果实中各形态Cd 含量,但高量Fe（400 μmol · L-1 ）增加了‘4641’果实中FHCl、FR 以及‘渝粉 109’果实中FE、FNaCl、FR 和Cd 总提取量。番茄各部位Cd 积累量的顺序为：叶 > 茎 > 果实 > 根。叶 面喷施Fe（200 μmol · L-1）使番茄叶、茎、根和果实中的Cd 含量相比对照处理分别降低了7.1% ~ 21.9%、 35.6% ~ 50.4%、13.1% ~ 37.0%和2.8% ~ 8.2%。供试2 个番茄品种,无论喷Fe 与否,果实Cd 含量、果实 Cd 积累量和植株Cd 总积累量均为‘4641’<‘渝粉109’。     

Effects of Long-Term Inorganic and Organic Fertilization on Soil Micronutrient Status

Soil micronutrients were studied on loess soil with an 18-year long-term experiment. The results indicated that total soil iron and copper contents were similar under all treatments, but total soil manganese and zinc contents were significantly greater at the surface soil in the fertilized plots than in the controls, and total manganese contents were significantly greater in the whole soil profile under manure plus inorganic fertilizers than under controls. Generally, application of inorganic fertilizers had no effects on available soil micronutrient contents. The straw plus inorganic fertilizers significantly increased available manganese content at surface soil and available iron in subsurface soils. However, manure plus inorganic fertilizers significantly augmented soil-available iron contents throughout the profile, and raised available manganese, copper, and zinc contents, respectively, at surface soil relative to controls. The results suggest that long-term input of organic amendments alter the properties of soil and increase its plant-available micronutrient contents.     

Some interactions of cadmium with other elements in plants

Abstract

Cadmium in solution culture at 10^‐4 M decreased Mn concentrations in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) at both low and high concentrations of Mn (noncompetitive inhibition). When Mn was decreased, the concentrations of Fe and several other ions were simultaneously increased, particularly in leaves and roots. Toxicity due to the 10^‐6 M Cd and the 10^‐4 M Mn was additive in the experiment. When barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Atlas57)was grown in amended soil, 15μg Fe as DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) per g soil resulted in increased uptake of Cd and in somewhat greater yield depression for soil pH of 3.9, 6. 0, and 7.6. Acidification of soil without DTPA also increased Cd uptake to high levels with associated yield decrease. The Cd decreased the uptake of Mn and Cu most when CaCO₃ had also been added to the soil. When salts were added to soil with Cd before bush beans were grown, KCl (200 μg K/g soil), and equivalent KH₂PO₄ increased Cd concentrations of leaves while CaSO₄ and KCl did so for roots. In bush beans with different levels of Cd and Zn, there were no yield interactions, but some interactions of Cd on Zn concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots at the high Zn level.     

Responses of earlirose rice to iron,zinc, and BPDS when grown on calcareous soil

Abstract

The Earlirose cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in calcareous Hacienda loam soil was extremely Fe deficient. The Fe deficiency was corrected by premixing 40 ppm Fe (as FeSO₄) into the soil before transplanting plants. The Fe deficiency appeared to be induced by high plant levels of Cu and Mn. Addition of Zn (40 ppm as ZnSO₄) intensified the Fe deficiency. The Fe addition did not overcome the effect of the Zn. BPDS (bathophenanthroline disulfonate), a chelator of Fe⁺⁺, had little effect on the results.     

Association of soil properties and soil and plant iron to iron deficiency response in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Abstract

Problems are invariably encountered when attempts are made to explain the variability in Bray percent yields or plant response in terms of soil or plant iron (Fe). To resolve this inconsistency, the present investigation was initiated to identify a combination of soil extractable Fe, soil properties and form of plant Fe that may be used as a measure of Fe deficiency. The study involved 16 diverse soils, using upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) as the test crop and Fe‐EDDHA [ferric ethylenediamine di (o‐hydroxyl‐phenyl acetic acid)] as source of Fe. The results showed that Bray percent yields were neither related to DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) or EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) extractable Fe nor with total plant Fe. Even the inclusion of pH, lime, organic carbon and clay data in the regression equations was of no value. However, Bray percent yields were significantly and positively (r = 0.57* ) associated with ferrous Fe (Fe²⁺) in 40‐day‐old rice plants. The explanation concerning variability in Bray percent yields obtained on diverse soils could be increased about one and half 2 times (R²= 0.59*) if the contribution of lime and soil pH was also incorporated in the stepwise regression analysis. The individual contribution to R of lime, pi respectively. Thus, it appears that Fe²⁺ concentration in plants (along with soil pH) may identify Fe deficiency. The critical limit to separate Fe deficient from green rice plants was set at 45 ug Fe²⁺/g in the leaves.     

Efficacy of an artificial microbial siderophore-Fe(III) with high redox potential on correcting Fe chlorosis in rice

ABSTRACT

Microbial siderophore-chelated Fe(III) is suggested to be an important source of Fe for plants, although it is hardly reduced by plant roots. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the easily reducible artificial microbial siderophore tris[2-{(N-acetyl-N-hydroxy)glycylamino}ethyl]amine (TAGE)-Fe(III) as an alternative Fe source to correct Fe deficiency in rice plants, and compared it to that of the natural siderophore deferoxamine B (DFOB)-Fe(III). We also evaluated the absorption of Fe from TAGE-Fe(III) by the Strategy I-like system of gramineous plants using nicotianamine aminotransferase 1 (naat1) mutant rice, which does not synthesize phytosiderophores. Fe(III)-siderophores were synthesized in vitro. Nipponbare rice and its naat1 mutant were reared in soil and gel cultures to determine Fe availability. Hydroponically grown naat1 mutant seedlings were used for reducibility assays to determine the ability of rice roots to reduce Fe(III) chelated by TAGE or DFOB. The expression of a Fe-deficiency inducible gene was also determined, as well as chlorophyll and Fe concentrations. Reduci bility assays on naat1 mutant seedlings revealed that the reduction level of TAGE-Fe(III) was approximately three times higher than that of DFOB-Fe(III). Application of TAGE-Fe(III) to both culture medium and alkaline soil improved Fe chlorosis, growth, and Fe concentration in both naat1 and wild type plants, whereas application of DFOB-Fe(III) only did so in wild type plants. Easily reducible Fe(III)-chelates such as TAGE-Fe(III) can be a better source of Fe for rice plants than most natural microbial siderophores-Fe(III). Our study also demonstrated that rice plants have the ability to utilize microbial siderophores-Fe(III) as the Fe source through the Strategy I-like Fe acquisition system.     

离子强度和磷酸盐对铁铝矿物及土壤吸附As（V）的影响

选用针铁矿、赤铁矿、水铁矿、水铝矿4种铁铝矿物以及性质差异较大的黑土、紫色土和红壤3种土壤,研究离子强度和磷酸盐对其吸附As（V）的影响。结果表明,在0．01、0．1、1mol·L^-13种离子强度下,矿物和土壤对As（V）的吸附量无明显差异或随离子强度增大而增大,其对砷的吸附以专性吸附为主。磷酸盐对矿物和土壤吸附砷的影响与其添加顺序及摩尔浓度比有关。水铝矿和水铁矿在这3种添加顺序下的砷吸附量无明显差异,仅在P／As摩尔比较大时表现出下降趋势;而在针铁矿和赤铁矿两种矿物上,先添加砷时的砷吸附量高于先添加磷时或两者同时添加时,且砷吸附量随WAs摩尔比的增加而逐渐下降。在黑土、紫色土和红壤上,先添加砷比先添加磷或两者同时添加时的砷吸附量均要高,尤其是在紫色土上。随P／As摩尔比升高,土壤对砷的吸附量表现出下降趋势。     

一株在微生物燃料电池中可以利用喹啉发电的产电假单胞杆菌Q1的产电特性研究

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to compare iron (Fe) oxidation and changes of pH, redox potential (Eh) and fractions of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants (Echinodorus macrophyllus, Eleocharis geniculata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Veronica serpyllifolia) with different radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots. The results indicated that all these wetland plants decreased pH and concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) but increased the Eh in the rhizosphere soils. Pb and Zn were transformed from unstable fractions to more stable fractions in the rhizosphere soils, so decreasing their potential metal mobility factors (MF). Among the four plants, E. macrophyllus, with the highest ROL and root biomass, possessed the greatest ability in formation of Fe plaque and in the reduction of heavy metal MFs in the rhizosphere soil. Wetland plants, with higher ROLs and root biomass, may thus be effective in decreasing potential long-term heavy metal bioavailabilities.