植物真菌和卵菌病暴发的起源和传播

传染病暴发在植物、动物和人群中很常见。除了少数已发展为流行病和大流行病外,在很大程度上大多数传染病暴发的原因仍未知,植物真菌和卵菌病暴发尤其如此。所有流行病和大流行病都是从局部暴发开始,然后蔓延到更广泛的地理区域,因此了解其初始暴发的原因对于有效预防和控制植物病害流行病和大流行病至关重要。该文首先描述疾病暴发的定义和检测,随后简要描述导致植物传染病暴发的主要原因,包括寄主植物、病原体及其相关的环境因素,以一种真菌和一种卵菌病原体为例简要概述宿主病原体系统,并强调分子工具在帮助揭示病原体的起源和传播及其暴发及大流行方面的作用。由于人为活动及气候的加速变化,植物病害暴发的可能性越来越大,最后提出应该如何应对其暴发。     

河南省小麦根、茎部内生真菌多样性及平板拮抗活性研究

To investigate the community composition and diversity of fungal endophytes in wheat roots and stems from different soil types in Henan Province, tissue isolation method was used to isolate and purify endophytic fungi from wheat plants collected from 22 counties/districts in five soil types, and the identification of the fungal endophytes fungi was based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. The community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi were analyzed. The results showed that 426 endophytic fungi were affiliated with 23 genera, among which Chaetomium spp. had the highest number accounting for 23.2% of the total strain number, followed by Penicillium spp.. Five strains were tested for the antifungal activity against both Rhizoctonia Cerealis and Fusarium pseudograminearums on plate, and their inhibition rates against R. Cerealis ranged from 44.8% to 70.5% (zone widths 2.00~9.67 mm)while from 35.4% to 49.3% (zone widths 3.67~6.67 mm) against F. pseudograminearum. This paper clarifies the major taxa and their diversity of fungal endophytes in the roots and stems of wheat in different soil types in Henan Province, and their inhibitory effects on soil-borne fungi, providing a basis for the biological control of sharp eyespot and crown rot of wheat.     

东省不同地区玉米内生真菌的群落组成和多样性分析

为探究山东省玉米内生真菌的资源分布、群落组成及多样性,采用叶片组织分离法对山东省52个市县的玉米内生真菌进行分离纯化,通过内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列分析技术进行内生真菌的种属鉴定,并分析内生真菌的群落组成和多样性。结果表明,共分离到857株内生真菌,隶属25个属,其中链格孢属Alternaria的菌株数量最多,为583株,占总菌株数的68.03%,其次为镰刀菌属Fusarium有71株,占总菌株数的8.28%;大部分地区的优势属为链格孢属,少数地区的优势属为镰刀菌属、炭疽菌属Colletotrichum和弯孢属Curvularia。不同地区的内生真菌定殖率变化很大,在12.50%~100.00%之间,平均定殖率为76.15%;陵城的多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,分别为1.74和0.97;莱芜的丰富度指数最高为2.22。山东省玉米内生真菌可以分为5个类群,其中黄河流域地区内生真菌定殖率相对较高。表明山东省玉米内生真菌种类丰富,不同地区间多样性水平存在差异。     

农业景观与害虫种群控制

20世纪以来,我国农村城镇化和农业设施化的快速发展,造成农业景观的急剧变化以及农田生境的破碎化。国内外十分重视这种景观变化对农业生态系统功能和生物多样性以及害虫种群控制的影响。本文针对国内外有关农业景观变化和生境破碎化对昆虫与天敌群落组成、多样性及种群序列变化的影响研究进行系统论述,着重介绍农业景观变化对害虫种群控制的原理和作用机理,分析景观结构与农田生物多样性,及寄主—寄生物、猎物—捕食者、植物—害虫—天敌的相互关系,以及影响这种关系的景观因子作用力的模拟,旨在揭示农业景观变化对害虫种群动态的潜在影响,提示了今后害虫治理研究的热点问题。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊群体微卫星分析中样本量对遗传多样性指标的影响

采用微卫星标记进行刺槐叶瘿蚊群体遗传研究时,群体的样本量对遗传多样性指标准确性有一定影响。鉴于此,本实验设置了12个样本量梯度,统计分析在刺槐叶瘿蚊微卫星分子标记研究中,不同样本量对遗传多样性参数的影响,探讨刺槐叶瘿蚊群体遗传结构研究中所需的最适样本量。结果表明,样本量与平均等位基因数、平均有效基因数呈正相关,与平均观测杂合度、平均期望杂合度及内氏遗传多样性指数呈中度相关;在进行刺槐叶瘿蚊群体遗传结构的研究时,最适参数为期望杂合度和内氏遗传多样性指数,最小样本量为20。     

High genotypic and virulence diversity in Ilyonectria liriodendri isolates associated with black foot disease in New Zealand vineyards

A total of 57 Ilyonectria liriodendri isolates were identified by a combination of species‐specific PCR and DNA sequencing from a collection of 174 Ilyonectria‐like isolates recovered from 101 diseased grapevine samples. These samples were representative of the national vineyard, comprising material contributed by 49 grape growers across seven grape growing areas. This species was predominant, representing 33% of the recovered isolates, and has been reported as a major pathogen of grapevines in other countries. The genetic diversity of the 57 New Zealand isolates was compared to that of isolates from Australia and South Africa using universally primed polymerase chain reaction (UP‐PCR). A total of 66 informative loci distinguished 52 genotypes, of which five contained up to four clonal isolates. Four main clades were identified in a neighbour‐joining (NJ) tree. The international isolates (Australia and South Africa) were placed in a clade that did not include New Zealand isolates. There was a high level of intra‐ and inter‐vineyard genetic variation indicating the free movement of isolates between regions. A subset of nine isolates from different branches of the NJ tree produced two vegetative compatibility groups and hyphal fusion was observed between non‐self pairings. Pathogenicity tests using isolates from different genetic groups inoculated onto either detached roots or 1‐year‐old potted vines showed variability in virulence; however, no correlations were detected.     

飞机喷药防治马尾松毛虫对林内昆虫多样性的影响研究

近年我省采用飞机喷药防治森林病虫害的面积不断扩大,本文在飞防区防治前后随机采取昆虫样本,以研究飞防喷药对昆虫及其多样性的影响,采用Bt+病毒、灭幼脲、苦参碱.烟碱乳油和森得保飞机喷药防治的各试验区内,调查发现飞机喷药防治前后各试验区出现的优势类群均为蜘蛛、鞘翅目、同翅目、膜翅目和双翅目昆虫。灭幼脲和森得保飞机喷药防治后生物多样性指数指数有所增加,且差异显著;Bt+病毒和苦参碱.烟碱乳油飞防后生物多样性指数指数有变化,但差异不显著。     

Genotypic diversity and migration of clonal lineages of Botrytis cinerea from chickpea fields of Bangladesh inferred by microsatellite markers

An analysis of allelic diversity at nine microsatellite loci provided an insight into the population structure of Botrytis cinerea from four fields (sampled in 2003 and 2004) that represented important regional locations for chickpea production in Bangladesh. Although three populations were limited by sample size after clone‐correction, a total of 51 alleles were amplified among 146 B. cinerea isolates from Bangladesh, which revealed a high amount of within‐population and overall genetic diversity (H_S = 0·48 and H_T = 0·54, respectively). The percentage of maximal genotypic diversity (G) ranged between populations (G = 23–40), with a total of 69 haplotypes detected (G = 25). Bayesian cluster analysis depicted two major clusters distributed among the four Bangladesh populations, indicating population admixture from two origins that have spread throughout these regions. Genotype flow between regions was detected and indicated the spread of clonal lineages, consistent with relatively low differentiation among the four populations (mean G_ST = 0·1, P < 0·05). These results highlighted the potential threat of host resistance breakdown as a result of considerable genetic diversity, genotype flow and the evolutionary potential of B. cinerea.     

Genetic diversity of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible Monochoria vaginalis populations in Japan

Monochoria vaginalis is one of the most serious weeds of rice fields in Asia. The species is predominantly selfing. To reveal the potential for multiple mutational events, outcrossing and gene flow in the sulfonylurea‐resistant (SU‐R) M. vaginalis populations, we investigated (i) if each SU‐R population was a single SU‐R biotype or a mixture of several SU‐R biotypes using restriction analysis or direct sequencing of acetolacatate synthase (ALS) genes and (ii) genetic diversity of SU‐R and ‐susceptible (S) populations using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Nineteen or 20 individuals were sampled from four SU‐R and five SU‐S populations respectively. Amino acid substitutions conferring resistance in the SU‐R populations were Pro₁₉₇Ser in the ALS1 or ALS3, or Asp₃₇₆Glu in the ALS1 and each SU‐R population was composed of a single SU‐R biotype. In cluster analysis each SU‐R individual formed a cluster, whereas the individuals from a SU‐S population belonged to different clusters. Some SU‐R populations showed polymorphic AFLP loci. The results indicated that these SU‐R biotypes emerged from a single mutational event and any gene flow of SU‐R genes from adjacent populations did not occur. A low level of outcrossing and recombinations of SU‐R genes occurred within some SU‐R populations of M. vaginalis.