基于高光谱与集成学习的单粒玉米种子水分检测模型

为建立单粒玉米种子水分含量的高精度检测模型,制备了80份不同水分含量的玉米种子样本。针对玉米种胚朝上和种胚朝下分别进行高光谱反射图像采集,每份样本取样100粒,波长范围为968.05～2 575.05 nm。采用PCA快速提取单粒种子光谱,经多元散射校正预处理后,分别采用随机森林(RF)和AdaBoost算法建立单粒种子水分检测模型,并集成两种算法特征提出基于加权策略的改进RF用于单粒种子水分含量建模。利用单粒玉米种子胚朝上的光谱信息建立的改进RF模型训练集相关系数R为0.969,训练集均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.094%,测试集R为0.881,测试集均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.404%;利用单粒玉米种子胚朝下的光谱信息建立的改进RF模型训练集R为0.966,RMSEC为0.100%,测试集R为0.793,RMSEP为0.544%。实验结果表明：改进RF的泛化能力和预测精度明显优于RF和AdaBoost算法;种胚朝上的单粒玉米种子水分含量检测模型优于种胚朝下的模型。高光谱检测技术结合集成学习算法建立的玉米种子水分检测模型预测精度高,稳健性好。     

基于微波自由空间测量的小麦含水率检测方法

为了实现小麦含水率的快速检测,采用微波自由空间测量法研究了信号频率(1～4 GHz)、温度(10～40℃)、含水率(11. 35%～17. 79%)和容积密度(低、高)对小麦相对介电常数的影响,分析了影响相对介电常数变化的原因,建立了不同频率下小麦含水率的预测模型,并对模型进行了验证。研究结果表明,在1～4 GHz频段内,小麦的相对介电常数随含水率、温度和容积密度的增大而增大,随着信号频率的增大而减小;所建立的支持向量机模型取得了很好的预测效果,对比于单频和多频,全频下的预测模型最优,其预测集相关系数、预测集均方根误差和剩余预测偏差分别达到了0. 992 9、0. 051 3%和18. 67。研究表明,微波自由空间法可用于检测小麦含水率。     

初始含水率对斥水黏壤土入渗特性的影响

为了探究初始含水率对斥水土壤入渗过程的影响规律,通过室内二维土箱的滴灌模拟试验,设置6个初始含水率水平(4.78%,7.28%,9.97%,13.64%,16.07%,19.02%),研究了初始含水率对湿润锋运移距离、宽深比、累积入渗量、入渗速率和土壤水分分布的影响,并评价了不同入渗模型的适用性.结果表明:随着初始含水率的提高,湿润锋运移相同深度所需时间呈逐渐减小趋势,两者较好满足幂函数关系,湿润锋宽深比逐渐减小;累积入渗量变化趋势为先减小后增大;入渗速率整体趋势为逐渐减小,其中斥水程度峰值含水率附近的处理出现入渗速率短暂提高的现象;Kostiakov模型能够较好反映斥水黏壤土的入渗规律,且斥水程度越大,模型拟合精度越低;随着斥水程度增加,土壤水分逐渐向湿润体垂向中间区域集中,并出现过度饱和现象.该研究可为斥水土壤的入渗理论奠定一定的基础.     

苗带深松条件下秸秆覆盖对春玉米土壤水温及产量的影响

免耕秸秆覆盖是中国北方干旱半干旱区一种重要的保护性耕作模式。为明确宽行覆盖窄行深松交错种植条件下覆盖带适宜的秸秆覆盖量和覆盖方式, 2012–2013年在河北省廊坊市进行了春玉米的田间试验。选用郑单958为试验材料, 采用80 cm+40 cm宽窄行种植, 宽行间覆盖秸秆, 窄行间进行苗带深松, 设置8.42 t hm^-2覆盖量下粉碎覆盖(100SC)、整秆覆盖(100SP)、4.21 t hm^-2覆盖量下粉碎覆盖(50SC)、整秆覆盖(50SP)和不覆盖(CK)处理, 测定土壤水分和温度、出苗状况、物质积累、产量及产量构成。结果表明, 秸秆覆盖与深松结合条件下, 4种覆盖处理与对照相比均提高了土壤含水量, 其中50SC处理在花前0~15 cm土壤降温幅度最小, 其他覆盖处理显著降低花前土壤温度。各覆盖处理明显提高了苗期整齐度, 秸秆覆盖对苗期的生育期天数略有推迟。与CK相比, 50SC提高了春玉米地上部生物量, 促进花后干物质积累, 千粒重和穗粒重分别提高10.9% (P<0.05)和6.5% (P<0.05), 产量提高4.78%, 达12 243 kg hm^-2。50SC条件下产量与全生育期干物质积累(DMA)、花后/花前DMA呈极显著正相关。说明宽行覆盖窄行深松交错种植有利于缓和秸秆覆盖对出苗的物理阻碍, 其中秸秆以4.21 t hm^-2的覆盖量粉碎覆盖效果最好, 该处理可为玉米提供稳定有利的土壤水分和温度条件, 提高了生育后期的物质积累以及籽粒产量。     

Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes

The translocation of pre‐anthesis nitrogen to the grain is an important source for winter wheat. The relation between the nitrogen translocation and irrigation regime was studied in the field under a rain‐proof trough shelter. Nitrogen (N) translocation amount, N translocation efficiency decreased with a decline in irrigation amount or by excessive irrigation. Compared with different organs, the leaf and stem had higher N translocation amounts, and contributions to grain for both cultivars – Jinan 17 and Lumai 21, indicating that stem also is a major N source for grain development. The contribution of pre‐anthesis total above ground N to grain N ranged from 57 to 76 %, indicating the importance of pre‐anthesis storage of N for achieving high grain N concentrations. Grain nitrogen and yield (kg ha^?1) were positively and significantly correlated with the N translocation amounts and contributions, respectively, suggesting that the sink strength may be involved in the translocation of N from a vegetative organ to the grain. N harvest index (NHI) was significantly correlated with N translocation efficiency, suggesting that the latter is a prerequisite for increasing grain N and improving grain quality. The experiment showed that N translocation status is enhanced by better irrigation practices, but limited by severely deficient or excessive irrigation.     

不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤温度和水分及烤烟品质的影响

不同覆盖方式的比较试验结果表明,秸秆与地膜双覆盖能够协调烤烟生长全过程的土壤温度,并且地温日变化幅度小,蓄水保墒作用显著。秸秆单覆盖对土壤性状改良与秸秆和地膜双覆盖相似,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,品质较高,但由于在烤烟生长前期不能提高土壤温度,使得烟叶生长速度较慢,产量下降;地膜单覆盖对土壤性状改良不及秸秆单覆盖和秸秆与地膜双覆盖,秸秆和地膜双覆盖使0~20cm土层含水量平均比露地栽培提高16.82%,比秸秆单覆盖提高6.45%,比地膜单覆盖提高5.43%,而且烟叶成分较协调,产量与产值也较高。     

不同储藏条件下稻谷脂肪酸值变化和霉变相关性研究

对不同水分、温度下模拟储藏的晚粳稻谷和晚籼稻谷进行定期的脂肪酸值测定和霉变情况观察。结果表明:储藏温度越高,稻谷含水量越大,其脂肪酸值上升速度越快,也越容易发生霉变。相比较而言,含水量分别为14.5%、13.5%晚粳稻谷和晚籼稻谷,在20℃储藏3个月,脂肪酸值变化很小,也未发生霉变。在相同储藏温度下,同一水分晚粳稻谷的脂肪酸值比晚籼稻谷更容易上升,也更容易发生霉变。脂肪酸值与稻谷霉变相关,一般而言,当稻谷脂肪酸值超过25 mgKOH/100g,开始霉变,所以脂肪酸值可作为稻谷是否发生霉变的指标。     

农田深层土壤水利用现状与研究趋势

近年来,由于水资源短缺,节水农业是华北平原的研究热点。笔者就农田深层土壤水的意义和国内外研究现状进行了综述,并提出了农田深层土壤水的研究趋势。在华北平原,应进行亏缺灌溉条件下周年农田深层土壤水利用效率的研究。     

Analysis on the Effect of Moisture Migration through Walls on Heat Transfer

A dynamic mathematical model for simulating the coupled heat and moisture transfer through walls was proposed with variable material properties. Relative humidity and temperature were chosen as the driving potentials. The temperature and relative humidity and heat flux of wall surface were calculated under varying boundary conditions and compared with those without taking moisture transfer into account. The results show that without and with absorption and desorption processes, the wall interior surface temperature amplitude of the former case is lager than that of the latter, and the average difference temperature of two cases is 0.9℃. The phase change latent heat caused by absorption and desorption of wall surface takes up 27.5% of the total heat transfer quantity, which cant be neglected.     

直接干燥法测定粮食水分的条件优化

研究了影响直接干燥法测定粮食水分测定结果的因素,优化了测定条件。采用105℃恒质法对烘盒规格、烘干时间、烘盒个数及烘箱温度等参数进行比较,结果表明:高、低两种水分的小麦采用4.5 cm规格的烘盒,其烘干效果最佳;低水分小麦烘干4h后恒重,高水分小麦烘干4.5 h后恒重;烘盒个数以不超过20个为宜;95℃~110℃下测定结果的精密度差异不显著,但水分测定结果随烘箱温度增大而升高。