京津风沙源区生态保护与建设工程对防风固沙服务功能的影响

[目的] 评价京津风沙源生态保护与建设工程自2000年启动实施近20 a以来的防风固沙效应,以指导工程二期的实施。[方法] 选取植被覆盖度、风蚀量和防风固沙服务功能保有率等指标进行分析。[结果] 京津风沙源区以草地为主,其次为林地和农田;工程实施以来,多年平均土壤风蚀量为7.87×10⁸ t,以微度和轻度侵蚀为主;一期工程实施期间的土壤风蚀量总体呈逐年减小趋势,二期工程实施以来,风沙源区遭受风蚀危害又逐渐加重,尤其是沙化草原亚区,该区风蚀模数变化趋势达到了8.96 t/（hm²·a）;就防风固沙服务功能保有率而言,整个风沙源区均值达到了0.82,低值区主要分布于沙化草原亚区（0.743）和晋北山地丘陵亚区（0.752）;二期工程实施以来,大部分区域保有率均显著提升,这与二期工程实施期间全年及冬春季的植被覆盖度变化情况一致。[结论] 京津风沙源的风蚀防治区重点在保有率下降区域和以草地和沙地为主的沙化草原亚区、浑善达克沙地亚区和科尔沁沙地亚区。     

黄土高原沙尘暴时空分布格局及变化趋势分析

研究了黄土高原地区沙尘暴的时空分布格局和变化趋势,主要的工作包括利用黄土高原地区253个旗县市气象站20世纪50年代至1984年沙尘暴的多年平均值做空间插值,结合遥感影像,分析了沙尘暴的空间分布格局,呈现出从西北向东南先增多后减少,北多南少的分布。利用1961-2000年沙尘暴记录分析了沙尘暴年内的季节分布,发现沙尘暴主要发生在春季,尤其是4月。最后,对40 a间沙尘暴进行了趋势分析,发现该区沙尘暴有明显的减少趋势,在1984年发生了明显转折,这种减少趋势在空间上不具有明显差异。     

不同农垦地下垫面对风蚀起沙风速的影响分析

以新疆塔里木盆地垦区为例,研究不同地表粗糙度下垫面对风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度和起沙风速的影响。根据Shao的方法计算不同下垫面起沙风速,结果表明:塔里木盆地垦区所选的小麦、棉花、红枣这3种地类2m高度临界摩擦速度(u*t)分别为棉花地0.40m/s,红枣地0.43m/s,小麦地1.85m/s;2m高度临界起沙风速(ut)分别为棉花地5.3m/s,红枣地5.7m/s,小麦地7.5m/s,小麦地较其他2种地类更具有抵抗风蚀的作用。     

围封对流动沙丘表层土壤有机碳、全氮和活性有机碳的影响

以流动沙丘为对照,研究不同围封年限(14年和26年)下科尔沁退化沙质草地表层(0-15cm)土壤有机碳、全氮及活性有机碳的变化。结果表明:流动沙丘围封显著提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量,14年和26年围封样地SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC含量均随围封年限的增加而增加,且0-5cm层增幅高于5-15cm层。14年和26年围封样地土壤碳氮比显著高于流动沙丘,但2个围封样地之间差异不显著。流动沙丘围封也显著增加了表层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量,0-15cm土层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量均表现为26年围封地>14年围封地>流动沙丘。相关分析表明,LFOC、MBC均与SOC存在极显著正相关关系,说明LFOC和MBC均可作为衡量土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标。     

土壤持水特性参数与土壤质地尺度关系的联合多重分形分析

Soil water-retention characteristics at measurement scales are generally different from those at application scales, and there is scale disparity between them and soil physical properties. The relationships between two water-retention parameters, the scaling parameter related to the inverse of the air-entry pressure (αvG, cm-1) and the curve shape factor related to soil pore-size distribution (n) of the van Genuchten water-retention equation, and soil texture (sand, silt, and clay contents) were examined at multiple scales. One hundred twenty-eight undisturbed soil samples were collected from a 640-m transect located in Fuxin, China. Soil water-retention curves were measured and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained by curve fitting. The relationships between the two parameters and soil texture at the observed scale and at multiple scales were evaluated using Pearson correlation and joint multifractal analyses, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the parameter αvG was significantly correlated with sand, silt, and clay contents at the observed scale. Joint multifractal analyses, however, indicated that the parameter αvG was not correlated with silt and sand contents at multiple scales. The parameter n was positively correlated with clay content at multiple scales. Sand content was significantly correlated with the parameter n at the observed scale but not at multiple scales. Clay contents were strongly correlated to both water-retention parameters because clay content was relatively low in the soil studied, indicating that water retention was dominated by clay content in the field of this study at all scales. These suggested that multiple-scale analyses were necessary to fully grasp the spatial variability of soil water-retention characteristics.     

粉煤灰和聚丙烯酰胺固沙效果的风洞试验

寻找经济高效的固沙措施对于防治风沙危害具有重要意义。该文采用室内风洞试验,研究了不同粉煤灰施用率(10%,20%和30%)的固沙效果及在粉煤灰最佳施用率的基础上不同聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施用率(0.05%和0.1%)对其的强化作用。试验研究结果表明,沙土施加粉煤灰后起动风速显著提高,施加PAM进一步小幅提高其起动风速;粉煤灰施用率为20%的沙土可以最有效地抵御8m/s净风和风沙流历时10min的吹蚀;施加粉煤灰的沙土在14m/s净风和风沙流历时10min的吹蚀条件下发生中度风蚀,其风蚀率随着粉煤灰施用率的增大而呈逐步降低的趋势;施加粉煤灰和PAM的沙土可以有效地抵御14m/s风沙流历时30min的吹蚀;从经济意义上考虑,推荐粉煤灰施用率为20%和PAM施用率为0.05%的用量水平处理用于风蚀防治。     

黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸风沙流结构与沙丘移动规律

为明确黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸的风沙活动及沙丘移动特征,该文以黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸的流动沙丘为研究对象,采用野外观测与实验室分析相结合的方法对沿岸沙丘的起沙风况、沙物质组成、风沙流结构及沙丘移动规律进行初步的定量研究。结果表明:起沙风的主风为西南—西风,集中于3-5月份,且5～6m/s风占起沙风的50.26%;沙物质粒径以细砂(0.1～0.25mm)为主,沿黄段沙丘粒径极细砂以下(≤0.1mm)的沙物质粒径组成比沙漠腹地减少8.92%;距地60cm高度范围内,81.75%的沙物质在0～10cm高的气层中通过。在沙丘的不同部位上,相对输沙量与高程之间有着良好的幂函数关系;沙丘向前移动的距离为8.19m/a,主要发生在3-5月份。该研究结果可为合理计算入黄风积沙量及完善黄河沿岸综合防护体系提供科学依据。     

塔里木盆地多种沙源类型沙通量异变特征研究

以塔里木盆地周边地区多种沙尘源地为研究区,通过塔中、肖塘、若羌、策勒四个风沙观测场获取的沙尘暴过程中贴地层风向、风速数据以及风蚀传感器实测的撞击颗粒数等数据计算出各地起沙临界摩擦速度,利用Gillette经典的垂直沙尘通量及Lettau水平沙尘通量公式对若羌、策勒、塔中、肖塘沙尘通量进行了估算,并通过各层实测的梯度风速作为背景值界定出塔里木盆地多种沙源类型沙通量变化比对特征,结果表明:垂直沙尘通量F量级为10-8kg/(m2.s),水平沙尘通量Q量级为10-4 kg/(m.s);风速相同情况下,F若羌最大,策勒次之,塔中、肖塘较小;Q若羌值最大,策勒次之,塔中第三,肖塘最小。垂直沙通量F与风速都表现出较好的线性相关,风速递增,垂直沙通量递增;风速递减,垂直沙通量递减。在风速递增幅度相同条件下,若羌Q值递增幅度最大,策勒次之,塔中、肖塘基本相同。     

不同种植年限砂田水盐变化与砂田退化初探

随着种植年限的增加,砂田的土砂比、土壤的水分与盐分含量都发生了明显的变化,加速了砂田的退化。对不同种植年限的砂田水盐变化及发生机理进行了分析,并总结了砂田退化的原因。结果表明,随种植年限的增加,提高了砂田的土砂比,砂田的保水、蓄水、抑蒸发、抑盐作用相对减弱,砂田的水盐变化与种植年限、砾石覆盖度、砂砾粒径、砂砾所处土壤表面的位置及地下水位密切相关,在一定程度上影响着砂田的退化。     

Density separation of soil organic matter across three land uses in calcareous soils of Iran

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of physical and chemical fractionation in quantifying soil organic matter (SOM) in different stabilized fraction pools. Soil samples from three land use types in Lorestan province, Southwest Iran were examined to account for the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen in different SOM fractions. Size/density separation and chemical oxidation methods were applied to separate the SOM fractions including particulate organic matter (POM), Si + C (silt and clay), DOC (dissolved organic C), rSOM (oxidation-resistant organic carbon and nitrogen) and S + SA (sand and stable aggregates). The values obtained for TOC, TN, and HWC were highest in forest lands followed by the range and agricultural lands. Among the SOM fractions, S + SA showed the highest values (5.75, 5.77 and 20.6 g kg^?1 for agriculture, range and forest lands respectively) followed by POM, Si + C, rSOM, and DOC. The concentrations of C and N in the labile fractions obtained the higher values than in the stabilized fractions. Forest lands had the highest amounts of organic C and N among all fractions whereas agricultural lands showed highest values for inorganic C content of soils in different fractions.