Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.     

Impact of sampling and storage technique,and duration of storage,on the composition of fresh grass when analysed using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of sampling technique (pluck or cut), storage duration (immediate analysis, 24‐h or 48‐h), storage temperature (ambient or chilled) and storage conditions (air present, air excluded or breathable) on the composition of fresh grass sampled from a sward managed to simulate grazing. Treatments were repeated across four sampling dates, with grass samples stored in grip seal bags prior to analysis using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Grass sampled by ‘pluck’ had a higher crude protein and ME content, and a lower acid detergent fibre (ADF) content, compared to that sampled by ‘cut’. Grass stored for 48 h had a lower water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and ME content and a higher ADF content than for immediate analysis. Samples stored for 24 h did not differ from immediate analysis. Grass stored at ambient temperature had a lower WSC and ME content compared to immediate analysis. Grass stored under ‘breathable’ conditions had a lower ME content and higher ADF content than immediate analysis or samples stored with air present or air excluded. It is recommended that grass for analysis should be sampled by cutting, stored chilled (4°C) in a sealed bag to minimize exposure to oxygen and analysed within 24 h of harvest.     

斜流泵小流量工况压力脉动数值模拟与实验

基于标准的Smagorinsky亚格子尺度模型,对斜流泵全流场进行大涡模拟并结合压力脉动实验对小流量工况下的压力脉动和内部流场进行研究。实验结果表明,叶轮进口处的脉动幅值最高,随着流量的降低压力脉动幅值逐渐增加,不同工况下叶轮进口、叶轮出口、导叶进口的压力脉动主频为叶频,但导叶出口脉动主频随着流量的变化而变化。大涡模拟表明,0.8Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较好,叶轮进口轴面速度变化较小,而在0.4Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较复杂,轴面速度变化较大,0.4Qopt工况时叶轮进口冲角增加以及受到相邻叶片叶顶泄漏流的影响,在t*=0.041 6时叶片进口吸力面已发生流动分离,当叶轮从t*=0.041 6旋转到t*=0.124 9时,叶片吸力面流动分离加剧,轮缘处的轴面速度明显升高,同时分离涡的旋转强度也逐渐增强,导致该区域的静压下降,逆压梯度上升,促使回流的产生,当回流到达叶片进口时进口处的静压逐渐恢复,因此叶轮进口流动分离是引起叶轮进口压力脉动幅值增加的重要因素。     

青草制辫成型装置设计与试验

为满足青藏高原等牧区青草制辫机械化需求,参考赛络纺的工作原理,设计了一种青草制辫成型装置,实现草辫的加捻和合股。通过力学分析,得知青草制辫成型与草辫轴向移动速度、加捻滚筒旋转速度、加捻滚筒半径以及喂入量有关,并分析出稳定草辫的最终捻度和捻回角,与加捻滚筒转速及牵引辊线速度有关,与加捻时间和加捻区的长度无关。结合实际,提出将草辫承受的最大拉力作为评价草辫紧实度考核指标的一种方法,并对草辫进行了受力分析,得出草辫所能承受的最大拉力与捻回角成正相关。样机试验结果表明,成型机生产率为427 kg/h,工作功率为0.428 k W,成型草辫堆积密度为143.3 kg/m~3,成型草辫所能承受的最大拉力为300~350 N,试验结果满足实际作业要求。     

温度对西藏5种野生豆科牧草种子萌发的影响研究

为探明毛果胡卢巴、劲直黄芪、天蓝苜蓿、镰荚棘豆和窄叶野豌豆5种野生豆科牧草种子萌发的适宜温度以提高其萌发率,研究了0/10℃ 、5/15℃ 、10/20℃ 、15/25℃ 、20/30℃ 、25/35℃ 、30/40℃等7种发芽温度对西藏5种野生豆科牧草种子萌发的影响.结果表明,5种野生豆科牧草种子在0/10℃条件下均无萌发;发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标随昼夜温度的升高呈先上升后下降趋势;毛果胡卢巴、劲直黄芪、天蓝苜蓿、镰荚棘豆和窄叶野豌豆牧草在适宜温度范围内种子萌发时滞最短,依次为2,2,2,3,4d;毛果胡卢巴和镰荚棘豆种子萌发最适温度为15/25℃,发芽率分别高达95%和812.5%;劲直黄芪、天蓝苜蓿、窄叶野豌豆种子萌发最适温度为20/30℃,发芽率依次为85%、912.5%和65%.     

云南省六个国家级自然保护区外来入侵草本植物与本地植物的关系

为明确不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物及其与本地植物多样性之间的关系,以我国生物多样性丰富的云南省为研究对象,于2014年对云南省6个国家级自然保护区的82个1 m2小样方(78个100 m2大样方)中外来入侵草本植物和本地植物物种丰富度和密度进行调查,并分析外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、外来入侵草本植物密度与本地草本植物密度的关系及对不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度的差异进行分析。结果显示,共调查发现22种外来入侵草本植物,其中纳板河流域国家级自然保护区种类最多,达14种,金平分水岭国家级自然保护区仅有2种;6个国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物的物种丰富度之间、本地草本植物密度与外来入侵草本植物密度之间均呈现正、负2种相关关系,其中哀牢山国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度呈显著负相关,其它5个国家级自然保护区的相关性均不显著。简单回归分析表明自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、本地草本植物盖度、本地乔灌木物种丰富度呈显著负相关,多元回归分析结果表明乔灌木物种丰富度和经纬度是造成不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种多样性差异的主要原因。     

Assessing the efficacy and impact of management of an invasive species in a protected area: Poa annua on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island

Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.     

灌溉和生草对猕猴桃园土壤质量的影响

为探明灌溉和生草对猕猴桃园土壤质量的影响,于2016—2017年在陕西省眉县猕猴桃园试验地分别布设地面灌溉+除草(Ⅰ)、地面灌溉+自然生草(Ⅱ)、滴灌+除草(Ⅲ)和滴灌+自然生草(Ⅳ)4种处理,对试验地0～50 cm土层的土壤机械组成、物理和化学性质进行了统计分析,并利用土壤质量综合指数对土壤质量进行了评价,结果表明:与其他处理相比,Ⅲ处理使0～30 cm土层土壤容重和砂粒质量分数分别降低了0.02～0.24g·cm~(-3)和0.36%～5.25%,使土壤孔隙度、田间持水量、黏粒质量分数和土壤粒径分形维数分别增大了0.17%～7.17%、0.59%～2.53%、0.99%～7.15%和0.01～0.13;Ⅳ处理在0～30 cm土层中的速效磷和碱解氮与Ⅰ、Ⅱ处理无差异,显著高于Ⅲ处理10.75～109.55 mg·kg~(-1)和20.74～78.91 mg·kg~(-1)(P0.05),可使0～50 cm土层的速效钾、速效磷和碱解氮分别达到猕猴桃施肥标准的丰富、中等及中等水平;与其他处理相比,Ⅳ处理可使0～50 cm土层土壤黏粒质量分数增加了1.21%～2.66%,土壤粉粒质量分数减少了0.81%～1.41%,使土壤分形维数显著增加(P0.05),土壤质量综合指数最大,达0.619。因此,滴灌+自然生草(Ⅳ)的管理方式是猕猴桃园土地可持续性利用的有效措施。