中国大中型沼气工程温室气体减排效益分析

大中型沼气工程是中国可再生能源建设的重点项目,可提供清洁能源、减轻农村环境污染,具有良好的环境效益,同时也可减少CO2、CH4等温室气体排放,缓解全球变暖趋势.该文根据国际通用的减排量计算方法,对1996～2005年间中国大中型沼气工程所带来的主要温室气体减排量和减排效益进行了计算分析.结果表明:2005年,中国大中型沼气工程减少CO2排放0.54×106～1.51×106t,减少CH4排放1.53×105t(CO2当量),以国际市场价格计,中国大中型沼气工程减少CO2和CH4排放可实现1.16×108～2.69×108元(RMB)的经济效益.根据<可再生能源中长期发展规划>预测,2010和2020年中国大中型沼气工程的CO2减排量可分别达到0.56×107～1.71×107 t和1.95×107～5.99×108 t,CH4减排量分别达到1.79×106 t和6.28×106 t,减少主要温室气体(CO2,CH4)排放的经济效益可分别达1.17×109～3.00×109元和0.41×1010～1.05×1010元.中国大中型沼气工程建设可有效减少CO2和CH4等温室气体的排放,基于清洁发展机制具有显著的经济效益.     

Potential for mitigating atmospheric ammonia in Canada

Most ammonia (NH₃) emissions (85%) in Canada come from agricultural sources (400 kt/yr). There are international conventions that require countries to mitigate NH₃ emissions but there are no federal or provincial guidelines in Canada stipulating emission targets or best practices for agriculture. This study examines the potential for mitigating atmospheric NH₃ using a range of approaches. Taking current farm practices into account, employing proven low‐cost measures (low‐emission slurry application and slurry storage covers) would reduce annual emissions from livestock operations by 16 kt NH₃‐N, while using all available low‐cost measures would reduce emissions by 79 kt NH₃‐N or 26% of livestock emissions. Another 36 kt/yr could be avoided by improving fertilizer practices, so that the total potential reduction would be about 29% of all agricultural emissions. Emissions from beef cattle and pig production could be reduced by 18% if consumption was cut by 50%, with greater mitigation if production for export was reduced, although the economic and social consequences need to be considered. Mitigation practices must be viewed in the context of possible pollution swapping especially in surplus nitrogen situations. Emissions must also be considered in terms of atmospheric NH₃ transport to and from the USA, therefore bi‐national agreements to jointly reduce emissions might be needed. It may be more cost‐effective in Canada to strategically reduce emissions to minimize risks to health (from particulate matter) and the environment rather than to reduce annual national emission targets.     

花生耐盐碱响应机制及缓解措施的研究进展

花生是中国重要的油料作物,其单产和总产居世界首位。新疆盐碱地耕地面积占全疆总耕地的30.12%,盐碱地严重制约了新疆农作物发展水平。本文概括了盐碱胁迫对花生种子萌发的影响、盐碱胁迫对花生生长及生理特性的影响、花生对盐碱胁迫的响应机制,提出了缓解盐碱胁迫的相应措施,总结了花生耐盐碱响应机制及缓解措施的研究进展,最后指出了未来新疆盐碱地区花生的发展方向,并提出了应注重土壤改良剂研发及应用的建议,同时也为该地区选育和筛选耐盐碱花生种质以及品种提供了参考。     

Space use and inferred spawning activity of three exploited gamefish species on a large artificial reef

Intense fishing pressure has led to changes in species composition, demography and the over‐exploitation of many coastal fishes. To restore populations, artificial reefs (ARs) are used with the assumption that new habitat will increase fish productivity. Kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus), barred sand bass (P. nebulifer) and California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) are three important recreational gamefish species in southern California. Home ranging behaviour, space use and spawning‐related activity of these three species were quantified on a large AR. Kelp bass used the largest amount of area, but space use was similar among species. While no spawning behaviour could be determined for sheephead, kelp bass exhibited two different activity patterns during spawning months and barred sand bass migrated (indicative of spawning). Results of this study indicate that this large AR is providing suitable habitat for these species, and spawning‐related activity could be a sign that this AR is meeting essential life history demands.     

A review of reported effects of pelagic longline fishing gear configurations on target,bycatch and vulnerable species

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Towards the development of a standardized method to monitor lakeshore hydromorphological restoration measures

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西南稻区水稻高温缓解技术研究

本文鉴定了311个水稻品种的耐热性,筛选出50多个耐或较耐热的品种。同时系统研究了不同品种适期早播早栽提早抽穗的效果,不同肥料运筹与水稻高温承受能力的关系,微量元素或植物调节剂在高温条件下对水稻结实率的影响等。最后提出了西南稻区水稻高温缓解技术要点,以指导该稻区水稻生产防灾减灾。     

施氮方式及测定方法对紫色土夏玉米氨挥发的影响

以川中丘陵区紫色土为对象,研究了撒施尿素添加脲酶抑制剂及尿素深施对夏玉米季氨挥发的减排效果,为合理施肥和减少农田氨排放提供依据;同时,对比风洞法和密闭室连续抽气法测定氨挥发的结果,为准确定量农田氨挥发提供方法依据。设置5个施氮方式处理,分别为:不施氮(CK);农民传统施氮——雨后撒施尿素(BC);撒施添加有Limus(德国BASF公司新开发的脲酶抑制剂)的尿素(BC+Limus);尿素一次性条施(Band1);尿素分两次条施(Band2)。除不施氮处理外,其他处理施氮量均为150 kg·hm~(-2),各处理采用密闭室连续抽气法测定氨挥发。另外,选取农民传统施氮处理用风洞法测定氨挥发,以研究不同测定方法对氨挥发损失量的影响。结果表明:紫色土夏玉米季农民传统的施氮方式氨挥发损失率可高于40%,而处理BC+Limus、Band1、Band2的氨挥发损失率分别为4.8%、3.8%、1.3%,分别比处理BC减少了90%、92%和97%的氨挥发损失,均具有很好的减排效果。密闭室连续抽气法测定氨挥发量稍高于风洞法,氨挥发损失率分别为48.4%和41.9%,但差异不显著。     

Air pollution affects food security in China: taking ozone as an example

Air pollution is becoming an increasingly important environmental concern due to its visible negative impact on human health. However, air pollution also affects agricultural crops or food security directly or indirectly, which has not so far received sufficient attention. In this overview, we take ozone (O ₃ ) as an example to analyze the principles and extent of the impact of air pollution on food security in China based on a review of the literature. Current O ₃ pollution shows a clear negative impact on food security, causing around a 10% yield decrease for major cereal crops according to a large number of field studies around the world. The mean yield decrease of winter wheat is predicted to be up to 20% in China, based on the projection of future ground-level O ₃ concentration in 2020, if no pollution control measures are implemented. Strict mitigation of NO _x and VOC _s (two major precursors of O ₃ ) emissions is crucial for reducing the negative impacts of ground-level O ₃ on food security. Breeding new crop cultivars with tolerance to high ground-level O ₃ should receive serious consideration in future research programs. In addition, integrated soil-crop system management will be an important option to mitigate the negative effects of elevated ground-level O ₃ on cereal crop production and food quality.     

日本林业防灾减灾政策支持体系及借鉴

我国是一个林业灾害多发、频发的国家, 森林火灾、有害植物入侵、病虫鼠害、雨雪冰冻、洪水、滑坡、泥石流等各种灾害时有发生, 给森林资源和林业产业造成巨大威胁。日本灾害预防和救治管理体系完善, 经验值得借鉴。文中概述了日本防灾管理的法律体系和预算体系, 重点阐述了日本林业防灾预算体系、重大灾害防治制度和重大灾害追加预算制度, 针对我国林业防灾体系建设提出应完善法律体系和政策支持体系、建立林业灾害管理等级制度等建议。