贵州西部喀斯特石漠化地区退耕弃荒地土壤氮素变异特征

研究以贵州西部喀斯特石漠化地区退耕弃荒地土壤为研究对象,在保证自然因素相对一致的条件下,根据退耕年限的不同和有无梯化过程,采集土壤样品进行全氮及氮素形态的化学分析。结果表明,该区域土壤有机质、全氮及各形态氮素含量呈现先降后升的趋势。根据此结论,并结合该区域性水热同期的先天条件,认为在贵州西部喀斯特石漠化地区土壤氮素肥力的自然修复是存在可能的。     

京郊荒滩生态恢复及其植被变化研究--以延庆县为例

在延庆县荒滩中，分别选择人工造林恢复植被2年、11年、封禁恢复植被7年和对照区4个样区，在大量野外调查的基础上，对其物种种类、优势种重要值、物种多样性特征、生活型谱和盖度等指标进行了对比分析。结果表明：荒滩生态恢复过程中，人工植被长势良好，植物种类明显增加，群落物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数均比对照区显著提高，植物群落结构从简单逐渐变为复杂；生活型谱组成发生了显著变化，一、二年生草本植物的比例显著降低；植被盖度明显增加。3个生态恢复样区中，尤其是人工造林恢复植被2年的恢复模式效果最显著，可以在京津及其周边地区相似立地条件的地方推广应用。     

Novel Alkaloids from Marine Actinobacteria: Discovery and Characterization

The marine environment is an excellent resource for natural products with therapeutic potential. Its microbial inhabitants, often associated with other marine organisms, are specialized in the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites. Similar to their terrestrial counterparts, marine Actinobacteria are a prevalent source of these natural products. Here, we discuss 77 newly discovered alkaloids produced by such marine Actinobacteria between 2017 and mid-2021, as well as the strategies employed in their elucidation. While 12 different classes of alkaloids were unraveled, indoles, diketopiperazines, glutarimides, indolizidines, and pyrroles were most dominant. Discoveries were mainly based on experimental approaches where microbial extracts were analyzed in relation to novel compounds. Although such experimental procedures have proven useful in the past, the methodologies need adaptations to limit the chance of compound rediscovery. On the other hand, genome mining provides a different angle for natural product discovery. While the technology is still relatively young compared to experimental screening, significant improvement has been made in recent years. Together with synthetic biology tools, both genome mining and extract screening provide excellent opportunities for continued drug discovery from marine Actinobacteria.     

Metal contamination from open-cast copper and sulphur mining in southeast Ireland

The metal content was determined in soil and vegetation around the eastern zone of the disused sulphur and copper mines at Avoca (southeast Ireland). A 250 m × 250 m grid survey was conducted covering a total area of 4 km². The mining belt was in the centre of the investigated site and was sampled separately. Iron, Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations in soil and plant material were determined, in addition to soil organic matter content and soil pH. Soil samples taken from the spoil showed elevated Cu and Cd concentrations, and low soil pH and organic matter content. At least 50 per cent of the agricultural sites examined around the East Avoca Mine showed elevated soil Cu and Cd concentrations, whereas Zn and Fe soil concentrations were within the range for unpolluted soils. None of the vegetation analysed had elevated Zn, Cd, Fe or Cu concentrations. Overall there was no indication of serious metal contamination in either soils or vegetation surrounding the mine in spite of extensive dust deposition during open-pit mining activity 15–30 years ago. However, a plume of elevated Cu in the soil was identified, which originated from a large spoil heap and had been spread for some 2·0 km by the prevailing wind.     

Long-term consequences of topsoil mining on select biological and physical characteristics of two New Zealand loessial soils under grazed pasture

Soil chemical, biochemical, biological and structural properties were measured in two New Zealand loessial soils that were topsoil-mined 10 and 25 years ago respectively. Measurements at the 10-year site were compared to some earlier measurements made at this site and the data combined in a chronological sequence for analysis. Topsoil mining had a large, detrimental impact on the soil microbial biomass, the earthworm populations, easily mineralizable N and soil enzyme activities. However, most of these properties substantially recovered, to 80-90 per cent of the levels in unmined soils, within 10-25 years of restoration under pasture. In contrast, while total soil C and N were less affected by topsoil mining, their recovery was much slower. Stabilities of macro-aggregates of soil had fully recovered within 10-25 years after topsoil mining. The apparent changes in all the measured properties between 10 and 25 years of restoration were small in comparison with changes between 0-10 years of restoration after topsoil mining. The total C content of both soils under pasture appeared unlikely to attain the levels present in unmined soils. In soils undergoing restoration, the ratio of microbial C/total soil C may be a useful index of soil ‘biological stability’. Sulphatase activity may reflect the recovery of pasture production.     

杨庄煤矿区农田塌陷水域多介质OCPs污染特征及生态风险研究

为研究采煤活动影响下农田塌陷水域有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征及潜在生态风险,使用GC-MS对淮南潘一矿的杨庄农田塌陷区水体和底泥中的OCPs特征污染物六六六(HCHs)及滴滴涕(DDTs)进行质量浓度测定,利用ArcGIS进行OCPs分布特征及来源研究,并选择共识沉积物质量基准法(CB-SQGs)对潜在生态风险进行分析。结果表明:杨庄沉陷区溶解态ΣOCPs质量浓度范围为72.06～218.89 ng·L~(-1),均值为167.32 ng·L~(-1);悬浮态和沉积态ΣOCPs范围为199.35～405.04 ng·g~(-1)dw和24.34～1 247.32ng·g~(-1)dw,均值为277.07 ng·g~(-1)dw和238.78 ng·g~(-1)dw;悬浮态和沉积态OCPs质量浓度自上游向下游方向随水流呈削减趋势;杨庄塌陷水体中HCHs主要来自于林丹,DDTs主要来自于农业三氯杀螨醇;溶解态OCPs低于国家Ⅲ类水质标准限额,处于低生态风险水平;悬浮态和沉积态OCPs处于中高生态风险水平,其中沉积态OCPs毒性发生率略低于悬浮态OCPs毒性发生率。     

南方某矿区土壤镉污染及作物健康风险研究

为了评估南方某县土壤镉污染情况、量化当地不同作物镉含量并对不同人群健康风险进行评估,从该县3个镇采集135份土壤样本,入户采集128份自产大米样本,种植区采集7份脐橙样本,对其中镉含量进行测定。结果表明,3镇采集土壤样品镉超标率分别为41.67%、28.81%和21.62%,地累积指数计算得到该县68.9%的土壤样本受到不同程度的镉污染,大米镉含量超标率分别为48.57%、34.48%、8.82%。而脐橙果肉样品中镉含量较低,远低于0.05 mg·kg^-1。计算不同作物的危害商数（HQ）可得,食用自产大米的危害商数（HQ）值普遍大于1,风险较高,而食用脐橙果肉产生的健康风险低。种植脐橙具有一定的经济效益,且当地具有脐橙适宜的生长条件,故考虑在重污染区种植脐橙取代种植水稻。     

矿区土壤重金属污染修复技术研究进展

矿产资源是人类经济社会发展的重要物质基础,然而在矿产资源的开采过程中,重金属等污染物在土壤环境介质中迁移,最终对矿区生态环境和人体健康造成严重威胁。矿区地质地貌复杂、土壤理化性质变异性大、污染物迁移转化过程复杂、现有土壤污染修复不彻底等成为矿区土壤污染修复主要限制因素。本文通过分析近年来矿区土壤污染修复研究成果,系统提出了构建地形地貌修复基本理念,综述了原位提取、钝化、纳米材料、联合修复以及新理念五类矿区土壤重金属污染修复技术的研究现状和最新研究进展,归纳总结了现有技术的适用范围和优缺点,提出了矿区土壤污染修复技术的未来发展方向,旨在为矿区重金属污染土壤修复的研究与实践提供理论参考。     

贝叶斯网络的参数学习研究

贝叶斯网络是数据采掘的一个非常有效的工具,它能够定性和定量地分析属性之间的依赖关系,进行概率推理。在给出贝叶斯网络相关概念后,讨论了贝叶斯网络在离散型、连续型和混合型3种情况下的参数学习计算公式;利用给定样本数据,对具有完整数据和不具有完整数据的贝叶斯网络,学习网络参数,更新网络变量原有的先验分布;从理论上给出两种不同类型下的参数学习公式。     

矿区废弃地森林公园建设研究——以湖北黄梅马尾山森林公园为例

以湖北黄梅马尾山森林公园为例,探讨森林公园建设前期的生态基质修复和植被景观改造措施,以期为同类研究提供参考。