我国母乳宏量营养素分析研究进展

综述了近年来我国母乳蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物3种宏量营养素分析的研究进展,分析了乳母膳食营养及不同泌乳期对宏量营养素组成的影响,以期为乳母调整膳食合理营养、母乳成分深入研究以及婴幼儿配方食品开发提供一些参考。     

Effects of conventional tillage on biochemical properties of soils

Modification of soil environment by different farming practices can significantly affect crop growth. Tillage causes soil disturbance, altering the vertical distribution of soil organic matter and plant nutrient supplies in the soil surface, and it may affect the enzyme activity and microbial biomass which are responsible for transformation and cycling of organic matter and plant nutrients. In this study, the influence of three conventional tillage systems (shallow plowing, deep plowing and scarification) at different depths on the distribution and activity of enzymes, microbial biomass and nucleic acids in a cropped soil was investigated. Analysis of variance for depth and tillage showed the influence of the different tillage practices on the activity of some enzymes and on the nucleic acids. Glucosidase, galactosidase, nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activity were significantly affected by the three tillage modalities. Activity in the upper layer (0–20 cm) was higher in the plots tilled by shallow plowing and scarification than in those tilled by deep plowing. Positive relationships were observed between the soil enzymes themselves, with the exception of urease and pyrophosphatase activity. Moreover, significant correlations were found between DNA and β-galactosidase, and between RNA and β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. α-Glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase were highly correlated with biomass C determined by the fumigation-extraction method. Received: 27 June 1996     

Interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia: Effects on flax yield in spoil‐bank clay

This study focused on the application of native strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Sinorhizobium in effective crop production during reclamation of coal‐mine spoil banks. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in spoil‐bank clay with a low dose of organic amendment to determine whether the microbial inoculation improves growth and utility qualities of two cultivars of Linum usitatissimum L. (oil and fiber flax). Inoculation with two native AMF isolates (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and their mixture) significantly increased growth and shoot phosphorus (P) concentration of both flax cultivars. Inoculated fiber flax plants produced fivefold more fibers than the uninoculated ones. In oil flax, mycorrhizal inoculation significantly but quantitatively to a minor degree decreased the concentration of nonsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil. A mixture of five native Sinorhizobium sp. strains supported growth and P uptake of oil flax only in the absence of AMF. However, these beneficial effects of the bacteria were significantly lower as compared to AMF. No synergic action of Sinorhizobium strains and AMF was observed, and their interactions were often even antagonistic. Inoculation with AMF significantly decreased population density of Sinorhizobium in the soil. These results suggest that a careful selection of suitable bacterial strains is necessary to provide effective AMF combinations and maximize flax‐growth support.     

中国荷斯坦牛LF基因多态性与泌乳性状及乳腺炎的关联分析

乳铁蛋白（Lactoferrin,LF）是保护乳腺组织的防御因子之一,在机体抵抗乳腺炎方面起着重要作用。本研究采用PCR SSCP技术和测序的方法对宁夏农垦303头中国荷斯坦牛的LF基因进行了遗传多态性分析,利用一般线性模型分析LF基因g.4388G>C位点突变对日产奶量、测定日乳脂率、测定日乳蛋白率及体细胞评分4个泌乳性状的影响。结果显示,LF基因g.4388G>C突变位点与日产奶量、乳脂率和体细胞评分值存在显著关联（P<0.05）。多重比较结果表明,GC基因型个体的体细胞评分（SCS）值极显著低于GG和CC基因型个体（P<0.01）,因此,可尝试将GC基因型作为乳腺炎抗性的优良基因型应用于奶牛育种中。     

黏虫蜜源植物花蜜中游离氨基酸的测定与分析

为探讨黏虫成虫与迁飞中转地蜜源植物的营养关系,利用氨基酸分析仪测定了其蜜源植物油菜和紫云英花蜜中游离氨基酸的种类和含量。结果显示,油菜和紫云英花蜜中都含17种氨基酸,油菜花蜜中游离氨基酸的总含量是紫云英花蜜的2.47倍。紫云英花蜜与油菜花蜜中各游离氨基酸的含量不同。油菜花蜜中除胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸外,其他游离氨基酸的含量均比紫云英花蜜中相应的氨基酸高,其中丙氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬氨酸的含量分别是紫云英花蜜的14.36倍、11.35倍、5.70倍、4.69倍、4.11倍。研究还发现,紫云英蜂蜜中氨基酸总量是紫云英花蜜中氨基酸总量的4.29倍,油菜花蜜比油菜蜂蜜多含了胱氨酸和亮氨酸。因此,不能用油菜蜂蜜、紫云英蜂蜜代替油菜花蜜、紫云英花蜜来研究紫云英和油菜花蜜对黏虫的营养效应。     

棉籽油制备生物柴油的工艺条件优化研究

以棉籽油与甲醇为原料,在催化剂(NaOH)的作用下,通过甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。采用单因素和正交试验,考察醇油比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对生物柴油收率的影响。确定最佳反应条件为醇油比6:1,催化剂用量1.1%,反应温度55℃,反应时间55min。在此条件下,产率不低于95.89%。     

Correlation of Different Biochemical Parameters in Blood Sera of Healthy and Sick Cows

Metabolic diseases of cows represent the leading internal pathology in Lithuania in terms of incidence and economic impact. This paper summarizes the mineral metabolic state of milk cows, and details the influence of feeding on serum levels of calcium, nonorganic phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, glucose, total protein, and urea quantity, and correlationd among them, in healthy dry or post-calving cows as well as in cows with osteomalacia and milk fever after calving. There was less pronounced hypocalcaemia and there were only minor changes in phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and sodium in the serum of healthy dry and post-calving cows that had silage and mineral-vitamin supplements, compared to cows that did not have supplements and silage. There was a fall in calcium and phosphorus (to 1.89 +/- 0.12 mmol/L and 0.71 +/- 0.06 mmol/L, respectively) in the blood of cows sick with milk fever after calving, while levels of magnesium and potassium were increased. The correlation between calcium and phosphorus was r = 0.6993, p < 0.001 in the serum of sick cows. There was a fall in calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (to 1.86 +/- 0.46 mmol/L, 0.75 +/- 0.37 mmol/L, and 0.60 +/- 0.19 mmol/L, respectively) and an increase in sodium level (to 158.90 +/- 19.30 mmol/L) in the blood of cows with osteomalacia in comparison with healthy cows.     

姜醋奶保健饮料的研制

[目的]研制一种姜醋奶保健饮料。[方法]选用生姜、陈醋、低脂奶粉为主要原料,配以具有保健功能的木糖醇、蜂蜜作甜味剂,生产姜醋奶新型保健饮料。其中着重研究了生姜榨汁过程中Vc护色的最佳工艺,并通过正交试验确定姜汁、糖（添味剂）、乳酸、陈醋等影响姜醋奶保健饮料风味的最佳比例,同时进一步研究了稳定剂的选择和最佳添加量。[结果]确定了姜醋奶保健饮料的生产工艺、操作要点和产品质量标准及其最佳配方。产品配方：糖（木糖醇：蜂蜜：4：1）添加比例为7．5％,乳酸添加比例0．17％,陈醋添加比例1．8％,姜汁添加比例15％,牛奶添加比例3％,蛋白糖0．0375％,CMC—Na0．30％,黄原胶O．15％。l结论]姜醋奶饮料色泽乳白带棕褐色,质量稳定、风味独特、口感柔和、细腻、营养丰富,是一种保健型营养饮品。     

The effects of increasing the level of dietary wormwood (Artemisia montana Pampan) on intake, digestibility, N balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep

This study investigated the effect of replacing concentrates with dry wormwood (Artemisia montana) on the performance of sheep. Four Corriedale × Polwarth sheep (41.3 ± 1.3 kg) were fed diets with an 8 : 2 straw to supplement ratio, for four, consecutive 16 d periods (10 d adaptation, 6 d collection) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Supplements were made by substituting 0 (Control), 30 (LW), 50 (MW) or 100 (HW) g/kg DM of concentrate (15.6% CP, 72.1% of TDN) with dried, ground wormwood. Ruminal pH, NH₃–N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured on d 6 of collection. Ether extract (EE) intake was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing wormwood inclusion, otherwise intake was unaffected. The Control diet had lower (P < 0.05) DM and CP digestibility than LW and MW diets and lower EE digestibility than the LW diet. Retained N (P < 0.05) and microbial N yield (P < 0.01) linearly increased with dietary wormwood level, but efficiency of microbial N synthesis linearly decreased (P < 0.001). Mean concentrations of rumen NH₃–N, total VFA and propionic acid were quadratically increased (P < 0.05) by increasing wormwood inclusion. Replacing concentrates with 30–50 g/kg DM of wormwood increased N retention, microbial N yield and EE digestibility.     

Digestive capacity, intestinal morphology, and microflora of 1-year and 2-year old Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fed standard or bioprocessed soybean meal

The objectives of this work were to evaluate how dietary soybean meal (SBM) or a soy meal made by bioprocessing the SBM (BPSBM) to remove anti-nutritional factors affected hydrolytic capacity, amino acid absorption, intestinal morphology, and microflora along the intestinal tract of Atlantic cod at two life stages. Three fish meal based standard cod diets were formulated to contain no soy (FM control), 25% SBM, or 22% BPSBM. Prior to sampling the diets were fed to duplicate groups of 0.5 kg (1-year old) and 1.7 kg (2-year old) cod for a period of 3 months, and the groups reached 0.9 and 2.5 kg, respectively. Digesta was then sampled from different intestinal sections for analyses of trypsin and amylase activity as well as absorption of amino acids, nitrogen, and sulphur. Gastrointestinal sections were sampled for measurements of relative weight (kg^− 1 body weight), and tissues from these sections were sampled for analyses of brush border enzyme (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and maltase) activity and histological examination. Microflora was sampled from both digesta and the intestinal wall. The SBM diet stimulated relative growth of all gastrointestinal sections except the distal intestine in both age classes. Relative growth of the pyloric intestine was also stimulated by BPSBM. The pyloric caeca and the upper mid intestine were found to be the major sites for enzymatic hydrolysis of protein and starch and for amino acid absorption. Dietary SBM and BPSBM did not alter the activity of trypsin and LAP, but the activity of these enzymes in the proximal intestine was affected by age, being higher in 1-year old than in 2-year old cod. The rate of amino acid, nitrogen, and sulphur absorption along the gastrointestinal tract was not affected by SBM, but was slowed by BPSBM. Dietary SBM or BPSBM did not alter the morphology of the intestinal mucosa in any sections of the cod intestine. The distal-most structure of the intestine, a compartment with inlet and outlet (anus) valves, showed very high microbial colonisation in the mucosal brush border. Inclusion of SBM in the diet changed the intestinal microflora, increasing the population level of transient bacteria in the pyloric and mid intestine, but reducing the population level of adherent bacteria throughout the intestine. To conclude, Atlantic cod appeared to have a robust and flexible digestive system able to adjust to high dietary levels of soy protein meals.