水稻根际微生物肠杆菌E-25和肺炎克雷伯氏菌K-12固氮作用的一些生理特性

我们研究了从京郊地区水稻根际分离出的一株肠杆菌(Enterob acter sp)E-25和一株肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)K-12的固氮特性.两种菌均具有较强的固氮活力.用乙炔还原法测定,E-25的比活为552毫微克分子C_2H_4/小时.毫克菌体蛋白,K-12的比活为676毫微克分子C_2H_4/小时.毫克菌体蛋白.在对数生长期菌体蛋白迅速增长,固氮活性也随之增高.对数生长期后,菌体蛋白停止增长,固氮活性开始下降.E-25和K-12均为兼性好氧细菌,在无氧和微氧条件下固氮活力显著高于常氧条件下.E-25比K-12对氧更加敏感.这两种菌可能是在北方碱性土壤中占据优势的根际固氮细菌.由于长期适应生存条件的结果,这两种菌固氮的最适pH值均偏碱性.E-25对碳源的利用也不同于南方水稻根际分离出的肠杆菌.E-25只能利用果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,而不能利用琥珀酸、柠檬酸等有机酸做固氮的能源.我们推测E-25在固氮过程中所需能量主要来自糖酵解途经.     

印度梨形孢定殖策略和促生机制研究进展

为揭示印度梨形孢(Serendipita indica)与寄主植物共生及促生作用的原理,综述了印度梨形孢定殖策略和促生机制两个方面的研究进展。总结了印度梨形孢形态和功能特点;定殖的过程、策略及影响因素;促进寄主生长发育的作用及其机制。印度梨形孢在植物根系定殖进化出了高度特异性的策略,其梨形的厚垣孢子能够定殖在成熟的细胞中,但不会引起植物的胁迫,最终达到真菌定殖和植物生长的平衡状态。印度梨形孢定殖成功后发挥其生物生长调节器的作用,通过不同机制促进植物生长和花朵发育,提高种子、果实的产量和品质。指出研究印度梨形孢的定殖策略,需要综合宿主的生态学、生理学、遗传学和基因组学的框架;印度梨形孢促进植物生长发育的作用机制需要结合宏基因组等先进技术综合研究;印度梨形孢相关产品的开发需要考虑配方稳定性、产品产业化和保质期等问题。     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

土壤微生物铁循环及其环境意义

铁是土壤中重要的高活性高丰度元素。铁的生物地球化学循环包括铁还原与亚铁氧化两个过程,需要微生物提供基本驱动力,已经成为陆地表层系统研究的国际热点。铁循环控制着土壤有机物矿化、反硝化、甲烷产生、重金属固定等环境过程,是连结土壤养分循环与污染物转化的纽带。从生物地球化学循环的角度,综述了微生物作用下的铁还原、亚铁氧化过程及其主要微生物类群,重点论述了厌氧条件铁还原与亚铁氧化的环境效应及其地球化学机理,以及铁还原与亚铁氧化两个过程的协调及其调控因子。本文将有助于深入理解地球表层的关键环境过程与驱动机制。     

施用有机肥和有效微生物群对玉米叶片持水力的影响

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with woil columns repacked in laboratory,The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,K^ ,NH4^ ,and NO3^-,The treatments were CK (as a control),CaCO3, CaSO4,MgCO3,Ca(H2PO4)2,urea,KCl,and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers),The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns,and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days.Leaching processes of NH4^ ,and NO3^- wer e only measured in CK,ured,and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching, Results showed that sole application of CaSO4,and Ca(H2PO4)2 scarcely hd any effect on the leching losses of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,and K^ ; the application of MgCO3 sthimulated the leaching of Mg^2 ;the application of CaCO3 promoted the leaching of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 and K^ ; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K^ and NH4^ ,and NO3^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular;under KCl treatment,leaching of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,and K^ was promoted to a large extent;under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,K^ ,NH4^ ,and NO3^- was all increased and NO3^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

生物炭在盐碱地改良中的应用进展

盐碱地是我国重要的后备耕地资源,盐碱地治理与农业利用在保障口粮绝对安全、保持现有耕地稳定、坚守粮食基本自给的安全底线等方面具有重要作用.环境友好型土壤改良剂—生物炭在促进农业可持续发展方面前景巨大.然而,现有研究多关注于生物炭在中性和酸性土壤中的改良作用,缺乏其对盐碱地改良的深入研究和系统总结.通过综合分析国内外生物炭...     

Epibiotic microorganisms associated with microcrustaceans in overlying water of Philippine paddy fields

Epibiotic microorganisms associated with micro crustaceans in the overlying water of Philippine paddy fields were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and their associations were compared with those observed in Japanese paddy fields (Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 43, 633-641, 651-664, 1997). Various types of microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and algae, colonized microcrustaceans and their kinds and colonizing patterns varied depending on the kinds of microcrustaceans. Common associations between epibionts and respective micro crustaceans were observed in the Philippines and in Japan: e.g., rodshaped bacteria on Cyclopidae and Cypridopsidae; no microorganisms on Simocephalus spp.     

黑果枸杞LrDREB1基因克隆及其在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

DREB(Dehydrate responsive element binding factor)转录因子是植物非生物逆境适应中的关键调节因子,该类转录因子具有保守的AP2/EREBP结构域,在低温、高盐等非生物逆境胁迫下,可调控下游逆境应答基因的表达,对增强植物的抗逆能力有重要作用。黑果枸杞具有极强的耐干旱、盐碱能力,为研究黑果枸杞DREB类基因在低温、盐碱响应中的功能,本研究以强抗盐灌木黑果枸杞总RNA为模板,基于前期转录组测序拼接序列,利用RT-PCR方法克隆得到一条DREB基因。该基因含有一个1116 bp的开放阅读框,编码372个氨基酸。系统进化树分析显示,Lr DREB1基因属于DREB亚家族A2组成员,与拟南芥AtDREB2B、AtDREB2E具有较高的相似性。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Lr DREB1受盐胁迫、ABA胁迫和低温胁迫诱导表达,可能参与依赖ABA的信号转导途径,调节黑果枸杞抗盐响应。本研究通过对黑果枸杞LrDREB1基因的克隆、序列分析和表达分析,为研究Lr DREB1的功能及黑果枸杞抗盐机理提供了帮助。     

棉隆与生物有机肥协同防治芹菜根腐病及其对根际土壤微生物数量的影响

本研究测定土壤消毒剂棉隆熏蒸与生物有机肥协同处理芹菜根腐病高发的芹菜地后,对芹菜根腐病的防治效果及根际土壤微生物变化的影响。结果表明,未经过土壤处理的芹菜地栽培60d后,芹菜根腐病发病率为29.03%,经过棉隆和生物菌肥协同处理后,对芹菜根腐病防效高达95.14%。土壤处理后不同时间采样测定发现土壤真菌、细菌的种类和数量显著低于未处理土壤,随着定植时间的延长土壤微生物得到复壮,微生物群落数量和未处理土壤相近。因此,说明棉隆对芹菜根腐病具有显著的防治效果,与生物有机肥协同应用,可以维持土壤微生物结构,对土传病害的可持续控制具有重要的意义。     

国内外果蔬生物保鲜方法的研究现状与展望

概述果蔬生物保鲜方法的种类、原理和技术,同时对现阶段生物保鲜技术在果蔬贮藏保鲜中的应用进行综述,最后对生物保鲜技术存在的问题和未来研究方向进行展望.