部分表型交配群体的信息熵

研究了在世代交替中群体总有50%的个体表型同型交配、50%的的个体随机交配的大盂德尔群体,推得各世代基因型频率分布、母子间基因型频率分布,给出各世代基因型信息熵、母子间基因型联合信息熵的算式,并证明二者随世代交替逐渐减少,最终趋于定值,群体最终达到一种远离Hardy-Weinberg平衡的非平衡定态.模拟结果验证了所得...     

抗菌肽粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、粪便微生物菌群结构及经济效益的影响

为分析抗菌肽粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、粪便微生物菌群结构及经济效益的影响,试验选择体重相近的21日龄白羽肉鸡600只,随机分成4组,每组15个重复,每个重复10只,1组为空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验2、3、4组在基础日粮中分别添加1.0％、1.5％、2.0％的抗菌肽粗提物,试验期为21 d.结果表明:(1)试验2、3、4组...     

基于耗散结构的草原生态经济系统的动态分析

以耗散结构理论为基础,草原生态经济系统为研究对象,用熵作为度量标准,从草原生态系统的冲击力、复合承载力和反馈力三个角度分析了草原生态经济系统可持续发展面临的危机与挑战,并提出了通过构建完善的草原生态补偿机制增加草原生态经济系统的负熵流,通过转变牧区经济的发展方式,完善保护草原生态经济系统的政策减少正嫡的流入,从而实现草...     

不同牧草对农牧交错带土壤呼吸作用的效应研究

通过对林西县内不同牧草地的土壤进行土壤原位呼吸及土壤微生物指标的测定和分析,研究了不同牧草对农牧交错带土壤呼吸作用的效应。结果表明,含水量较高的牧草地,土壤原位呼吸速率与温度间呈正相关关系;在土壤水分含量较低的牧草地,土壤温度持续上涨,土壤微生物的呼吸作用受到抑制,土壤原位呼吸速率降低,所以土壤原位呼吸速率随地温的升高而变小。在不同牧草地,冰草和无芒雀麦草地土壤表现出较高的微生物生物量和较低的呼吸商。与其他牧草地相比,冰草和无芒雀麦草地表现出更好的土壤微生物指标。混播草种以后的盐荒地土壤有良好的微生物指标;退耕以后的苜蓿草地与荞麦农田相比,土壤微生物指标有所好转。     

微生物发酵饲料对肉牛免疫机能的影响

试验旨在研究微生物发酵饲料对肉牛免疫机能的影响。选择90头月龄相近、体型结构相似、体重(373.4~425.3) kg的健康西杂牛,采用随机区组试验设计,将90头牛分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头牛。对照组饲喂基础精料日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别用25%和40%微生物发酵饲料替代基础精料,各组每头牛每天饲喂相同重量的精料(4 kg)和玉米秸秆颗粒(2.7 kg),酒糟自由采食,拴系饲喂,自由饮水;预试期10 d,正试期48 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,2个试验组中血清总蛋白、白蛋白、免疫球蛋白A、G、M浓度显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)提高,谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性及丙二醛浓度均显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)下降;且总抗氧化能力和总超氧化物歧化酶的活性极显著增强(P＜0.01)。提示,利用微生物发酵饲料能提高肉牛免疫力。     

Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky recovered from human clinical cases in Maryland,USA (2011–2015)

Salmonella Kentucky is among the most frequently isolated S. enterica serovars from food animals in the United States. Recent research on isolates recovered from these animals suggests there may be geographic and host specificity signatures associated with S. Kentucky strains. However, the sources and genomic features of human clinical S. Kentucky isolated in the United States remain poorly described. To investigate the characteristics of clinical S. Kentucky and the possible sources of these infections, the genomes of all S. Kentucky isolates recovered from human clinical cases in the State of Maryland between 2011 and 2015 (n = 12) were sequenced and compared to a database of 525 previously sequenced S. Kentucky genomes representing 12 sequence types (ST) collected from multiple sources on several continents. Of the 12 human clinical S. Kentucky isolates from Maryland, nine were ST198, two were ST152, and one was ST314. Forty‐one per cent of isolates were recovered from patients reporting recent international travel and 58% of isolates encoded genomic characteristics similar to those originating outside of the United States. Of the five isolates not associated with international travel, three encoded antibiotic resistance genes conferring resistance to tetracycline or aminoglycosides, while two others only encoded the cryptic aac(6′)‐Iaa gene. Five isolates recovered from individuals with international travel histories (ST198) and two for which travel was not recorded (ST198) encoded genes conferring resistance to between 4 and 7 classes of antibiotics. Seven ST198 genomes encoded the Salmonella Genomic Island 1 and substitutions in the gyrA and parC genes known to confer resistance to ciprofloxacin. Case report data on food consumption and travel were, for the most part, consistent with the inferred S. Kentucky phylogeny. Results of this study indicate that the majority of S. Kentucky infections in Maryland are caused by ST198 which may originate outside of North America.     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

短芒大麦草青贮微生物特性研究及优良乳酸菌筛选

以短芒大麦草为研究对象,利用传统培养法从叶围和青贮发酵体系中分离出乳酸菌、大肠杆菌、好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌,并计数;结合细菌形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定分离出的乳酸菌菌株;通过研究乳酸菌的生长曲线、产酸特性及耐酸性,筛选优质乳酸菌。以期探明短芒大麦草叶围及青贮发酵体系中微生物菌群特性及青贮料中乳酸菌多样性,筛选出具有促发酵效果的乳酸菌菌株,为有益微生物饲料研发奠定基础。试验结果表明,短芒大麦草经青贮发酵后各微生物菌群数量发生不同程度变化,乳酸菌数量由0 cfu/g FM增加到4.00×10⁸ cfu/g FM,酵母菌数量由8.50×10⁵ cfu/g FM增加到1.02×10⁸ cfu/g FM,而好氧细菌、大肠杆菌和霉菌数量变化不明显;从短芒大麦草青贮发酵体系分离得到4株乳酸菌,经鉴定Lx36为Lactobacillus pentosus,Lx37为Lactobacillus brevis,Lx53为Pediococcus pentosaceus,Lx54为Lactobacillus parabuchneri;筛选得到1株益于青贮的乳酸菌株Lx36,约在20 h后进入稳定生长期,OD值达到4.21,且发酵12 h的pH仅为4.08,并可以在pH=3.0环境条件下生长。综上所述,青贮发酵是体系中各种微生物相互作用的过程,微生物菌群的数量及变化直接影响青贮饲料发酵品质。短芒大麦草青贮饲料中乳酸菌种类较丰富,筛选得到的戊糖乳杆菌繁殖速度快、产酸能力强同时表现出了较强的耐酸性,具有潜在的生产应用价值,适宜用作促发酵的青贮添加剂菌种。     

Decomposition of peat,biogenic municipal waste compost,and shrub/grass compost added in different rates to a silt loam

An incubation experiment was carried out to test the effects of biogenic municipal waste (compost I) and shrub/grass (compost II) composts in comparison to peat on respiration and microbial biomass in soil. The amounts of these three substrates added were linearly increased in the range of field application rates (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%). The sum of CO₂ evolved during the incubation was markedly raised by the three substrates and increased with the rate of substrate concentration. However, the percentage of substrate mineralized to CO₂ decreased with the addition rate from 103 to 56% for compost I, from 81 to 56% for compost II, and from 21 to 8% for peat. During the first 25 days of incubation, compost I enlarged the biomass C content, which remained constant until the end. In contrast, compost II did not raise biomass C initially. But at the end of the incubation, the biomass C content of all 4 compost II treatments almost reached the level of the respective compost I treatment. The increase was significantly larger the more of the two composts was added. In contrast to the two composts, the addition of peat did not have any significant effect on microbial biomass C. The average qCO₂ values at day 25 declined in the order compost I > compost II > peat, at day 92 the order was changed to compost II > peat > compost 1. This change in the order was caused by a significant decrease in qCO₂ values of the compost I treatments, a significant increase in qCO₂ values of the peat treatments and constant qCO₂ values in the compost II treatments.