草地遥感估产的原理与方法

在介绍草地遥感估产的原理和方法的基础上,分析了单纯的遥感模型、遥感模型与地学模型相结合等不同估产方法及草地面积动态监测的特点和存在问题,并对草地遥感估产方法发展趋势做了总结。随着遥感技术的发展,草地遥感估产技术和方法也将继续发展,基于遥感数据和方法的草地估产模型更加趋于成熟,其应用也将向草原生态系统、草地退化监测、草地植被生长监测等领域扩展。     

不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。     

氧调控下人工湿地微生物群落结构变化研究

运用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)技术研究了氧调控下复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)微生物群落结构及活性变化,结果表明,不曝气IVCW基质表层以好氧微生物为优势种群,但绝大部分微生物都集中在0～20cm基质层,系统的净化空间受到限制;氧调控下微生物群落向基质纵深发展,表征好氧微生物的单不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著增加,曝气系统下行池表层各类群微生物的生物量为不曝气系统的2～6倍,表征微生物活性的PLFAs总不饱和度水平也明显升高;革兰氏阴性细菌成为曝气IVCW基质微生物群落的优势种群,群落具有更高的活性和专一性,提高了污染物的去除效果。因此,进一步研究微生物的这种适应机制可以为优化湿地系统提供一定的理论基础。     

生态视角下林下经济可持续发展的探究

通过总结我国林下经济发展的现状,分析了当前我国发展林下经济高速发展过程中的一些问题,以"以林为主、保护第一、集约经营、规模发展、因地制宜、突出特色"为原则,从生态学视角下对林下经济可持续发展做了简单的探究。     

一组秸秆分解菌群的稳定性及对还田秸秆的促腐效果

探讨一组秸秆还田菌群ADS-3的功能稳定性及初步观察其接种于土壤后对还田秸秆的促腐效果。结果表明：在培养瓶中菌种ADS-3对小麦、水稻和玉米3大农作物秸秆都有稳定高效的分解能力,35℃条件下培养11d,能分解稻秆51．6％、小麦秸秆44．7％、玉米秸秆40．8％;在4、15和35℃条件下,尽管ADS3对小麦秸秆的分解率差异很大,依次为6．8％、21.6％和44．7％;但是用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）检测其培养液,发现不同温度条件下ADS3的微生物组成稳定。将菌种接种到模拟秸秆还田土壤中,初步试验结果表明ADS-3能显著提高秸秆的腐解速度（P〈0．05）。试验结果为该菌群进一步开发秸秆还田促腐菌剂提供试验参数和依据。     

冬季作物对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

选取我国南方4种冬季作物黑麦草、紫云英、油菜、马铃薯,以冬闲田作对照,对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的短期内动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,早稻田翻耕前,冬季作物处理土壤SMBC和SMBN与冬闲田存在显著差异(P0.05),黑麦草处理SMBC为398.5 mg/kg,显著高于其他作物;紫云英处理SMBN最高,为97.8 mg/kg。在早稻整个生育期,黑麦草处理SMBC显著高于其他处理,晚稻生长过程中各处理无显著差异。冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物商(MQ)的影响,随着水稻生长发育进程有不同程度的变化,黑麦草处理在早稻整个生育期高于冬闲田。     

微生物催腐剂对小麦秸秆的催腐效果

通过培养箱接种试验比较了6种微生物催腐剂对小麦秸杆的降解效果.结果表明,各催腐剂处理均能显著促进小麦秸杆的降解(P＜0.05),其中经哈茨木霉处理的小麦秸杆降解率最高(20.81％),广宇生物腐熟剂处理的小麦秸杆降解率最低(10.84％).催腐剂发酵培养后产生的水溶物比率以巨景土壤调节剂为最高(12.81％),而发酵培养后产生的中性洗涤剂溶解物比率以人元秸秆快腐剂为最高(13.29％),巨景土壤调节剂产生的水溶物与中性洗涤剂溶解物之和最高(25.90％);所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的可溶性糖含量均出现显著下降(P＜0.05),下降幅度为对照的为25.2％(阿姆斯秸秆腐熟剂)～46.6％(巨景土壤调节剂);所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的可溶性蛋白含量均显著上升(P＜0.05),上升幅度为对照的6.6倍(巨景土壤调节剂)～10.6倍(哈茨木霉),所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的离子含量也有显著增加(P＜0.05).综合秸杆降解率和发酵培养后产生的可利用营养物质比率分析,巨景土壤调节剂和人元秸秆快腐剂是小麦秸杆有氧发酵培养较好的微生物催腐剂.     

Phenotypic plasticity in the morphology of small benthic Icelandic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

Intraspecific phenotypic diversity is the raw material for evolution, so understanding its origin and maintenance is critically important for conservation of biodiversity. Intraspecific diversity in a trait or a suite of traits can result from genetic diversity and/or phenotypic plasticity. The two are, however, not independent as plasticity has been shown to evolve. In this study, we evaluated the importance of phenotypic plasticity in generating morphological diversity in populations of small benthic Arctic charr in Iceland, using a rearing experiment with contrasting modes of feeding. We also examined the association between phenotypic plasticity in offspring groups generated by the contrasting feeding modes and important ecological variables characterising the natural habitats of the respective populations. Although the level of plasticity could not be related to any of the ecological measurements, clear differences in morphological reaction norms among populations suggest that plasticity is an important aspect of morphological diversity of the charr. It is not clear whether that plasticity is adaptive, but it is notable that reaction norms in all populations have similar reaction to the treatments.     

Fish functional diversity responses following flood pulses in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Flood pulses are the main force driving the dynamics of aquatic communities in floodplains. The responses of communities to environmental changes following flood pulses usually demand a time lag to appear and reach the climax. We assembled a data set of 16 years of fish samplings to assess the relationship between water level and four functional diversity measures, in the upper Paraná River floodplain. Specifically, we approached four aspects of each relationship between water level and functional diversity: nature (positive or negative), sensitivity (response intensity), responsiveness (response delay) and extent (response duration). The nature of the relationship between water level and functional diversity was positive in all cases. Functional richness (FRic) responded right after flood pulses, although with shorter extent. Abundance‐dependent functional measures (evenness—FEve; divergence—FDiv; and Rao's quadratic entropy—Rao's Q) presented delayed responses, reaching peaks more than 1.5 years after flood pulses. Significant effects of floods on fish functional diversity were observed for more than 3 years, although the highest functional diversity was observed with 1.8 years, on average. More importantly, flood pulses had no longer significant effects on functional diversity after 4 years. Regarding conservation strategies in regulated systems, flood events should occur every 2 or 3 years, with adequate timing (October‐November), intensity (up to 450 cm) and duration (at least 50 uninterrupted days). Intervals longer than 3 years or inadequate timing, intensity and duration could dramatically decrease functional diversity and compromise ecosystem services.     

水温对淡水温水性鱼类生命活动的影响

水温是影响鱼类生命活动的重要生态学因子。综述水温对淡水温水性鱼类的影响,为鱼类资源的增殖和水体生物多样性保护提供参考。从繁殖、摄食生长、代谢速率、临界游泳能力、免疫功能5方面的鱼类生命活动进行综述,其中,水温对鱼类的繁殖和生长影响最大,当水温适宜时,多数淡水温水性鱼类的各项生理活动都能正常进行;但当水温超过临界温度时会导致机体内代谢紊乱、活动能力降低、甚至造成鱼类死亡,最终引起鱼类种群结构和数量分布的显著变化。鱼类的临界游泳能力和高强度运动之后的重复运动能力也会受到水温的影响;鱼类免疫应答受水温影响较大,水温严重不适会导致免疫防御机制紊乱。水温只是影响鱼类生存的生态因子之一,但在航道建设、河流生态修复、鱼类资源评估以及水生态系统保护过程中均占据不容忽视的地位。在河流开发以及水文调节过程中,要最大限度降低其对水温生态因子的影响。