资源生态学视野下的毕节试验区畜牧业发展评析

评析了毕节试验区畜牧业1988-2010年的发展成就、态势、优势、障碍和潜力,提出了毕节试验区畜牧业的发展定位、目标、重点和方向。     

硝化细菌分子生态学研究进展

硝化细菌在促进水域生态系统的氮循环、保持健康水产养殖环境方面发挥着巨大作用。本文分析了硝化细菌分子生态学研究的意义,介绍了硝化细菌的主要种类及其系统进化关系,综述了硝化细菌分子生态学研究进展,并对中国的研究现状进行了分析。结合作者的工作实践,认为中国应加强对水产养殖环境硝化细菌分子生态学研究,为养殖环境的污染防治和微生态制剂的研制等提供理论依据。     

不同种植年限桃树根区土壤肥力变异特征

果树根际土壤肥力是果树生长的基础,本研究通过对种植年限为5、10、15、20年桃树根区土壤理化和生物学性状变化进行分析,以期揭示不同种植年限桃园根际土壤肥力的变异特征,探明影响桃树产量和品质主要土壤肥力因子,为不同种植年限桃树生产管理提供理论依据.结果 表明:随着种植年限的增加,土壤粘粒、粉粒含量增加,但土壤质地未改变...     

微生物检测中糖量子点的制备及其与凝集素的相互作用

为了以量子点为探针建立简便快速的病原微生物检测方法,采用配体交换法将具有微生物特异性的糖链偶联到CdSeS/ZnS量子点表面,制备2种糖量子点复合材料（甘露糖-量子点和半乳糖-量子点）。通过对它们的结构、物性和光谱学特性进行表征,结果显示：2种糖量子点均具有良好的水溶性、荧光发射和紫外-可见光吸收性能。进一步以这2种糖...     

农林复合生态系统的生态学原理及生态经济功能研究进展

 农林复合生态系统是一种人工自然复合生态经济系统,对植被恢复和持续发挥土地生产力,具有极为重要的生态经济价值。在综述前人研究的基础上,论述农林复合生态系统生态学原理及生态经济功能的一系列问题:解析农林复合生态系统的定义和基本特征;归纳农林复合生态系统构建的生态学原理和生态经济功能,其中着重说明农林复合生态系统结构组分选择的原则、依据和结构优化的标志,在生态过渡区构建农林复合生态系统,可发挥双向生态缓冲功能。认为:今后农林复合生态系统的研究,应以受干扰较轻的自然生态系统为参照模式,研究农林复合生态系统组分间的生态关系,生物组分生态和谐机制,小尺度的空间异质性对局部生境植被恢复与构建的生态效应,并加强农林复合生态系统的生态定位研究。     

Near-infrared spectroscopy for analysis of chemical and microbiological properties of forest soil organic horizons in a heavy-metal-polluted area

In industrial areas, heavy metals may accumulate in forest soil organic horizons, affecting soil microorganisms and causing changes in the chemical composition of the accumulated organic matter. The objectives of this study were to test the ability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect heavy metal effects on the chemical composition of forest soil O horizons and to test whether NIRS may be used to quantitatively determine total and exchangeable concentrations of Zn and Pb (Zn_t, Pb_t, Zn_ex, Pb_ex) and other chemical and microbial properties in forest soil O horizons polluted with heavy metals. The samples of O horizons (n = 79) were analyzed for organic C (C_org), total N and S (N_t, S_t), Zn_t, Pb_t, Zn_ex, Pb_ex, basal respiration (BR), microbial biomass (C_mic) and C_mic-to-C_org ratio. Spectra of the samples were recorded in the Vis-NIR range (400–2,500 nm). To detect heavy-metal-induced changes in the chemical composition of O horizons principal components (PC1–PC7) based on the spectral data were regressed against Zn_t + Pb_t values. A modified partial least squares method was used to develop calibration models for prediction of various chemical and microbial properties of the samples from their spectra. Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between PC3 and PC5 (r = −0.27 and −0.34, respectively) and Zn_t + Pb_t values, indicating an effect of heavy metal pollution on the spectral properties of the O horizons and thus on their chemical composition. For quantitative estimations, the best calibration model was obtained for C_org-to-N_t ratio (r = 0.98). The models for C_org, N_t, and microbial properties were satisfactory but less accurate. NIRS failed to accurately predict S_t, C_org-to-S_t, Zn_t, Pb_t, Zn_ex, and Pb_ex.     

Gas and short‐chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep

Efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare the 24‐hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivTD₂₄), in vitro gas production (GP) kinetic parameters, GP in 24 hr of incubation (GAS₂₄) and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and microbial biomass (MBS) produced after 24‐hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from sheep and red deer rumen fluid. Eleven feeds, frequently consumed by red deer in Slovenia, which occur either naturally (two fresh grasses, chestnut fruits and common and sessile oak acorns) or are fed as winter supplemental feeds (two grass hays, two grass silages, apple pomace, fresh sugar beetroot), were investigated. The in vitro GP kinetic parameters, GAS₂₄ and ivTD₂₄, did not differ between animal species. Amounts of SCFAs were greater (p < 0.05) when feeds were incubated in sheep inoculum, while molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids did not differ. Molar proportions of butyric acid produced during incubation of high fibre feeds did not differ between animal species, but were higher (p < 0.05) when feeds high in starch or sugar were incubated in red deer inoculum. Greater production of SCFA by sheep rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with energy precursors, while greater production of MBS by red deer rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with protein. Results also suggest that rumens of sheep and red deer are inhabited by different microbial communities, which did not affect the extent of in vitro GP and degradation of feeds used in the present experiment. However, the possibility exists that the divergent nutrient use could be a consequence of different priming by different feeds of the donor animal diets.     

有机物料不同配比堆肥过程的差异分析

为了促进当地农业有机废弃物资源的循环利用,以牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪等为堆肥的主要原料,在协调所有处理的碳氮比相同和添加EM菌液的条件下进行堆肥试验,分析有机物料的不同配比在堆肥过程中的温度、p H、EC、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数的变化趋势,比较不同处理堆肥前后养分含量的差异。结果表明,牛粪—鸡粪—谷壳处理的升温最快,高温阶段温度基本上维持在70℃上下,堆肥前后氮素损失率最大为22.8%,而猪粪—食用菌渣—鸡粪处理的高温阶段温度低于65℃,氮素损失率最小为3.47%,发芽指数在堆肥进行20 d就达到了52%,堆肥腐熟快于其他处理,但是在堆肥32 d后,所有处理的p H在7.7-8.5之间,满足堆肥腐熟后呈弱碱性的要求,发芽指数在80%左右,基本上达到了有机肥完全腐熟的标准。研究表明堆肥32 d后可以完全腐熟;但合理的配比,同时调节其通风性,控制堆体温度在45-65℃之间,可减少氮素损失,提高有机物料堆肥的效果。     

祁连山水源涵养林综合效益计量评价

祁连山水源涵养林作为祁连山及河西走廊绿洲生态系统的主体,在通过提供木材等林产品产生直接经济效益的同时,产生了巨大的生态、社会效益.经计量评估,自1953年至今已产生的生态效益超过2 000亿元,是直接经济效益的38.57倍,其中森林贮存CO2的价值为1 452.78亿元;每年由于林木生长产生潜在经济效益1.74亿元、生态效益43.24亿元;通过引起土地级差收入、节约社会劳动、增加社会就业机会、以森林文化发展旅游事业等产生巨大的社会效益.研究结果为西部大开发生态环境建设提供了理论依据,为强化森林多种效益货币化,在流域范围内征收森林生态效益补偿费奠定了基础.     

添加木质素降解菌对堆肥中酶活性的影响

以奶牛粪便和稻草为堆腐材料,采用静态好氧堆肥的方式研究接种木质素降解菌对堆肥过程中的温度、pH等理化性质以及木质素降解酶活性动态变化的特征,从生物酶学角度考察人工接入外源菌剂对堆肥的影响。结果表明,接菌后的堆肥处理较CK早2 d进入高温期,并且维持时间多于CK 12 d。发酵前8 d pH值的上升幅度大且高于CK,而且接种处理比对照的C/N提前5 d达到20∶1,提早达到腐熟指标,加快堆肥腐熟化进程。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,加入菌剂后,β-葡萄糖苷水解酶在堆置第6 d达到第一个峰值14.7μmol,较CK早6 d;羧甲基纤维素钠酶在第12 d达到峰值3 270 U,同比CK高出1 220 U;漆酶酶活峰值高达93.5U,而CK峰值只有82.8 U;锰过氧化物酶进入高温期后酶活最高为75.25 U,CK最高为54.8 U。由此可见,加入微生物菌剂后可使相关酶活性提高并提高堆体温度,加快堆肥腐熟,加速堆料中各种有机质的降解,提高微生物对底物的利用,从而提高好氧堆肥的效率。