Gas and short‐chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep

Efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare the 24‐hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivTD₂₄), in vitro gas production (GP) kinetic parameters, GP in 24 hr of incubation (GAS₂₄) and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and microbial biomass (MBS) produced after 24‐hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from sheep and red deer rumen fluid. Eleven feeds, frequently consumed by red deer in Slovenia, which occur either naturally (two fresh grasses, chestnut fruits and common and sessile oak acorns) or are fed as winter supplemental feeds (two grass hays, two grass silages, apple pomace, fresh sugar beetroot), were investigated. The in vitro GP kinetic parameters, GAS₂₄ and ivTD₂₄, did not differ between animal species. Amounts of SCFAs were greater (p < 0.05) when feeds were incubated in sheep inoculum, while molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids did not differ. Molar proportions of butyric acid produced during incubation of high fibre feeds did not differ between animal species, but were higher (p < 0.05) when feeds high in starch or sugar were incubated in red deer inoculum. Greater production of SCFA by sheep rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with energy precursors, while greater production of MBS by red deer rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with protein. Results also suggest that rumens of sheep and red deer are inhabited by different microbial communities, which did not affect the extent of in vitro GP and degradation of feeds used in the present experiment. However, the possibility exists that the divergent nutrient use could be a consequence of different priming by different feeds of the donor animal diets.     

有机物料不同配比堆肥过程的差异分析

为了促进当地农业有机废弃物资源的循环利用,以牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪等为堆肥的主要原料,在协调所有处理的碳氮比相同和添加EM菌液的条件下进行堆肥试验,分析有机物料的不同配比在堆肥过程中的温度、p H、EC、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数的变化趋势,比较不同处理堆肥前后养分含量的差异。结果表明,牛粪—鸡粪—谷壳处理的升温最快,高温阶段温度基本上维持在70℃上下,堆肥前后氮素损失率最大为22.8%,而猪粪—食用菌渣—鸡粪处理的高温阶段温度低于65℃,氮素损失率最小为3.47%,发芽指数在堆肥进行20 d就达到了52%,堆肥腐熟快于其他处理,但是在堆肥32 d后,所有处理的p H在7.7-8.5之间,满足堆肥腐熟后呈弱碱性的要求,发芽指数在80%左右,基本上达到了有机肥完全腐熟的标准。研究表明堆肥32 d后可以完全腐熟;但合理的配比,同时调节其通风性,控制堆体温度在45-65℃之间,可减少氮素损失,提高有机物料堆肥的效果。     

添加木质素降解菌对堆肥中酶活性的影响

以奶牛粪便和稻草为堆腐材料,采用静态好氧堆肥的方式研究接种木质素降解菌对堆肥过程中的温度、pH等理化性质以及木质素降解酶活性动态变化的特征,从生物酶学角度考察人工接入外源菌剂对堆肥的影响。结果表明,接菌后的堆肥处理较CK早2 d进入高温期,并且维持时间多于CK 12 d。发酵前8 d pH值的上升幅度大且高于CK,而且接种处理比对照的C/N提前5 d达到20∶1,提早达到腐熟指标,加快堆肥腐熟化进程。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,加入菌剂后,β-葡萄糖苷水解酶在堆置第6 d达到第一个峰值14.7μmol,较CK早6 d;羧甲基纤维素钠酶在第12 d达到峰值3 270 U,同比CK高出1 220 U;漆酶酶活峰值高达93.5U,而CK峰值只有82.8 U;锰过氧化物酶进入高温期后酶活最高为75.25 U,CK最高为54.8 U。由此可见,加入微生物菌剂后可使相关酶活性提高并提高堆体温度,加快堆肥腐熟,加速堆料中各种有机质的降解,提高微生物对底物的利用,从而提高好氧堆肥的效率。     

Effects of chlorpyrifos in freshwater model ecosystems: the influence of experimental conditions on ecotoxicological thresholds

Three experiments were conducted to determine the impact of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (single applications of 0.01 to 10 microg AI litre(-1)) in plankton-dominated nutrient-rich microcosms. The microcosms (water volume approximately 14 litres) were established in the laboratory under temperature, light regimes and nutrient levels that simulated cool 'temperate' and warm 'Mediterranean' environmental conditions. The fate of chlorpyrifos in the water column was monitored and the effects on zooplankton, phytoplankton and community metabolism were followed for 4 or 5 weeks. The mean half-life (t1/2) of chlorpyrifos in the water of the test systems was 45 h under 'temperate' conditions and about 30 h under 'Mediterranean' environmental conditions. Microcrustaceans (cladocerans and copepod nauplii) were amongst the most sensitive organisms. All three experiments yielded community NOEC (no observed effect concentrations) of 0.1 microg AI litre(-1), similar to those derived from more complex outdoor studies. Above this threshold level, responses and effect chains, and time spans for recovery, differed between the experiments. For example, algal blooms as an indirect effect from the impact of exposure on grazing organisms were only observed under the 'Mediterranean' experimental conditions. The relatively simple indoor test system seems to be sufficient to provide estimates of safe threshold levels for the acute insecticidal effects of low-persistence compounds such as chlorpyrifos. The robustness of the community NOEC indicates that this threshold level is likely to be representative for many freshwater systems.     

杉木人工林采伐迹地更新群落结构特征的研究

从杉木人工林科学经营和自然资源管理保护出发，根据定位研究和群落样地调查结果，分析和比较了湖南杉木中心产区会同杉木人工林不同采伐方式迹地上更新群落的组成结构和数量特征．结果表明：迹地群落中共有维管植物85科164属254种，其中乔木、灌木、藤本和草本分别为53种、85种、39种和77种；皆伐和间伐后物种多样性指数高；皆伐8a后迹地群落与皆伐2a后群落相似性较小，而与间伐8a后群落相似性较大；杉木人工林采伐迹地种类成分变更快．提出了合理经营和保护杉木林生态系统多样性和稳定性的措施．     

转Chi+Glu双价基因棉对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为研究转Chi+Glu双价基因棉对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,揭示其对土壤生态系统的安全性,在大田试验条件下,利用Biolog代谢指纹方法分析了种植转Chi+Glu双价基因棉、转Bt基因棉和常规棉不同生育期土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明,两个转基因棉花土壤微生物数量差异不显著,而转基因棉花土壤细菌和放线菌数量在花期和铃期显著高于常规棉花(P<0.05),真菌数量在花期和铃期却显著低于常规棉花(P<0.05)。与非转基因棉花相比,转基因棉花土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力在花期和铃期显著增加,转基因棉花土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数和McIntosh指数在花期、铃期和吐絮期显著高于常规棉花,Simpson指数在花期和铃期则显著低于常规棉花。主成分分析结果显示,花期转基因棉花和常规棉花对31种碳源的利用差异较大。转基因棉花在苗期和蕾期对羧酸类、氨基酸类和多胺类,花期和铃期对糖类、羧酸类和双亲化合物类的利用分别较常规棉高;吐絮期转基因和常规棉花对所有碳源的利用均较低,其中转基因棉花对糖类和羧酸类的利用高于常规棉花。研究结果显示,种植转Chi+Glu双价基因棉花在花期和铃期对土壤微生物群落影响显著,其与转Bt基...     

短芒大麦草青贮微生物特性研究及优良乳酸菌筛选

以短芒大麦草为研究对象,利用传统培养法从叶围和青贮发酵体系中分离出乳酸菌、大肠杆菌、好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌,并计数;结合细菌形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定分离出的乳酸菌菌株;通过研究乳酸菌的生长曲线、产酸特性及耐酸性,筛选优质乳酸菌。以期探明短芒大麦草叶围及青贮发酵体系中微生物菌群特性及青贮料中乳酸菌多样性,筛选出具有促发酵效果的乳酸菌菌株,为有益微生物饲料研发奠定基础。试验结果表明,短芒大麦草经青贮发酵后各微生物菌群数量发生不同程度变化,乳酸菌数量由0 cfu/g FM增加到4.00×10⁸ cfu/g FM,酵母菌数量由8.50×10⁵ cfu/g FM增加到1.02×10⁸ cfu/g FM,而好氧细菌、大肠杆菌和霉菌数量变化不明显;从短芒大麦草青贮发酵体系分离得到4株乳酸菌,经鉴定Lx36为Lactobacillus pentosus,Lx37为Lactobacillus brevis,Lx53为Pediococcus pentosaceus,Lx54为Lactobacillus parabuchneri;筛选得到1株益于青贮的乳酸菌株Lx36,约在20 h后进入稳定生长期,OD值达到4.21,且发酵12 h的pH仅为4.08,并可以在pH=3.0环境条件下生长。综上所述,青贮发酵是体系中各种微生物相互作用的过程,微生物菌群的数量及变化直接影响青贮饲料发酵品质。短芒大麦草青贮饲料中乳酸菌种类较丰富,筛选得到的戊糖乳杆菌繁殖速度快、产酸能力强同时表现出了较强的耐酸性,具有潜在的生产应用价值,适宜用作促发酵的青贮添加剂菌种。     

不同深度秸秆还田对黄棕壤氮素和微生物生物量碳氮的影响

[目的]研究不同深度秸秆还田对土壤氮素和微生物生物量碳、氮含量变化的影响,为提高还田秸秆利用效率提供科学依据。[方法]采用田间小区试验的方法,共设5个不同处理:对照CK(不添加秸秆),T_0(表面覆盖),T_(10)(10 cm还田),T_(20)(20 cm还田),T_(30)(30 cm还田)处理。[结果]①与对照相比,秸秆还田处理中土壤有机质、全氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了3.98%～29.36%,2.72%～45.52%,10.48%～56.64%,铵态氮降低了7.75%～39.20%;②秸秆还田处理对土壤微生物生物量有显著影响,与对照相比,秸秆还田处理中土壤微生物生物量碳和氮分别增加了5.01%～35.78%和9.69%～52.56%;③运用主成分分析方法评估了秸秆还田各处理土壤质量状况,综合得分次序为:CKT_(30)T_0T_(20)T_(10),在10和20 cm深度秸秆还田对土壤氮素水平和微生物生物量碳和氮含量的提高具有较好的作用,且以10 cm秸秆还田处理效果最为明显。[结论]秸秆还田可以提高土壤氮素水平和微生物生物量碳和氮含量,改良土壤性状,在秸秆还田深度为10和20 cm效果较好,尤其10 cm秸秆还田对土壤中氮素和微生物生物量碳氮的影响最为显著。     

白斑综合征病毒与凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群区系之间关系的初步研究

比较了同一养殖池中的感染白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和未感染WSSV的凡纳滨对虾的肠道菌群,旨在探讨对虾肠道菌群与机体健康状态之间的关系。感染WSSV对虾肠道的细菌总数为1.06×106CFU/尾,显著高于未感染WSSV的对虾(1.78×105CFU/尾;P<0.05),且其肠道中的细菌分别属于弧菌属、气单胞菌属、海水球菌属、盐水球菌属和乳酸杆菌属;染WSSV的对虾(P<0.05),气单胞菌的比例显著的低于感染WSSV的对虾(P<0.05);盐球菌所占的比例两者之间差异不显著。结果显示,两种对虾在肠道菌群组成和细菌组成和细菌数量上存在显著的差异,初步表明对虾肠道菌群区系和机体的健康状态密切相关。     

不同封育时间闽粤栲群落凋落物特征研究

分析了不同封育时间闽粤栲群落的凋落物特征随不同立地条件的变化规律.结果表明:不同封育时间闽粤栲群落每hm2凋落物干重、每t干物质持水量及每hm2凋落物持水量随立地因子变化较小,t检验结果表明:每hm2凋落物持水量达到显著水平.从不同封育时间来看,封育20年后闽粤栲群落的凋落物每hm2凋落物干重、每t干物质持水量及每hm2凋落物持水量比封育10年后闽粤栲群落均有较大幅度提高,其中封育20年后凹形每hm2凋落物干重、每hm2凋落物持水量与封育10年后凹形每hm2凋落物持水量差异达到显著水平,凸形每hm2凋落物干重、每hm2凋落物持水量则达到极显著水平.