土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,明确凋落物多样性如何影响土壤微生物群落构成和多度,继而潜在地改变凋落物分解的微生物学机制有助于认识生物多样性和森林生态系统功能的关系。通过小盆模拟试验,应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图的方法研究了我国南方红壤丘陵区典型物种马尾松和湿地松的凋落物分别与白栎和青冈的凋落物混合,与单一针叶凋落物分解时相比,针阔混合凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化,结果显示:(1)针阔混合凋落物分解时土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipidfatty acids,PLFA)总量低于单一针叶处理,细菌和放线菌的相对多度高于单一针叶处理,真菌则相反,群落真菌/细菌低于单一针叶处理,土壤微生物生物量的差异主要来自于真菌;(2)主成分分析表明:针阔混合凋落物分解与单一针叶凋落物分解的土壤微生物群落结构差异显著,两个时期(分解9个月和18个月)主成分一分别可以解释65.74%和89.63%的变异,第一主成分主要包括18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c、17∶0和10Me18∶0等磷脂脂肪酸;(3)土壤微生物群落结构受凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N调控,土壤微生物群落细菌的相对多度与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著负相关,真菌则与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关,群落真菌/细菌与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关。针阔凋落物混合分解通过改变凋落物C/N和木质素/N,提供了对分解者更为有利的微环境。     

长期用生活污水处理厂排放的废水浇灌影响了糙米和土壤中重金属的含量

A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain.     

麦秸还田对水稻产量及地表径流NPK流失的影响

在大田试验条件下,以水稻品种运2645为供试材料,设置常规处理（A）、麦秸还田（B）、麦秸还田减肥（C）、肥料运筹（D）和旋耕（E）5个处理组合,研究不同处理对水稻产量及农田地表径流NPK流失的影响。结果表明：（1）麦秸还田使水稻产量比常规处理增加3.0%左右;（2）试验年度稻季农田总地表径流水量为4.3×103m3·hm-2;（3）麦秸还田减肥和麦秸还田处理比其处理明显降低农田地表径流水体NPK流失量,不同处理地表径流总N流失量由低到高依次为麦秸还田减肥、麦秸还田、常规处理、肥料运筹和旋耕,不同处理地表径流总P和K的流失量由低到高依次为麦秸还田减肥、麦秸还田、肥料运筹、常规处理和旋耕;（4）麦秸还田能够降低稻田地表径流NPK的流失率,但麦秸还田减肥处理由于流失量减小幅度远低于肥料施用量的减小幅度,其NPK流失率均表现为最高;（5）麦秸还田使水稻产量略有增加,使稻田地表径流水体NPK流失量和流失率均明显降低。     

锌污染对猪粪堆腐过程中微生物群落的影响

利用Biolog微平板技术,对不同浓度重金属Zn影响下堆料微生物群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明,较低浓度Zn处理（Zn含量为400mg·kg^-1）的堆料升温快,高温持续时间长。微生物群落多样性指数和微生物群落主成分分析（PCA）指标均表明不同浓度重金属处理的堆料微生物群落有明显不同,Zn含量为400mg·kg^-1的堆料微生物活性高,有利于增加群落的丰富度和功能多样性,与Zn含量为1000mg·kg^-1的堆料、对照组堆料起分异作用的碳源主要为多聚物类和糖类。     

天然降雨下红壤坡地氮磷流失过程与特征分析

利用江西省水土保持生态科技园的野外实测资料,对天然降雨条件下南方红壤区自然坡面的氮磷流失过程与特征进行了分析。结果表明,在自然条件下,由于降雨强度的时间变化不稳定,且不连续,自然坡面产流—产沙过程也是不稳定和不连续的,呈现出一峰或多峰的特性;同一场降雨下自然坡面的产沙过程与产流过程基本一致,累积产沙量和累积径流量随时间的延长呈现出先小幅增长后快速增加,最后趋于平稳的变化趋势。坡面径流中总磷的输出浓度始终小于总氮输出浓度,且总磷变化稳定,总氮波动较大;侵蚀泥沙中均存在养分富集现象,且总氮富集比要小于总磷富集比。     

中国农村生物质能利用技术和经济评价

农村生物质能利用技术种类较多,确定各类技术的适用范围及经济性,有利于在农村地区选择合适的技术,促进生物质能利用技术在农村的开发利用。该文提出了户均用能成本的概念和计算方法,对农村户用沼气、养殖场沼气工程、固体成型燃料、秸秆沼气、秸秆气化集中供气等技术进行了技术经济评价。研究结果表明:农村户用沼气技术的经济性最好,其次为固体成型燃料技术,而秸秆气化集中供气技术的经济性最差。随着农村社会经济的发展,认为固体成型燃料技术将逐渐占主导地位,而秸秆沼气技术可以填补由于畜禽粪便短缺而带来的空白。     

保护性耕作对小麦-土壤系统综合效应研究

采用长期定位试验与短期田间试验相结合的方法,通过室内化验分析和数理统计,研究了河南省不同土壤类型区保护性耕作对土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳氮及小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)籽粒产量和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷及交换性钾含量,分别提高24.8%、14.3%、7.8%和24.8%;而对小麦增产效果并不显著。4种不同保护性耕作方式下,免耕、浅耕相比旋耕、深耕,提高小麦穗数15.0%～32.2%,提高穗粒数2.6%～12.6%,但4种处理间小麦千粒重及籽粒产量效果无显著差异;免耕、浅耕较旋耕、深耕可以一定程度上提高苗期和灌浆期土壤含水率、以及土壤碱解氮和有效磷,并显著提高小麦不同生育时期的土壤微生物生物量碳氮。免耕与浅耕是较为适宜河南省小麦生产及土壤可持续利用的保护性耕作方式。     

间伐对华北土石山区油松林生长及其林下植被发育的影响

间伐是森林经营的主要措施之一,研究间伐对森林生态系统的影响对其可持续发展具有深远意义。对河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局北沟林场4块油松人工林样地分别进行46.6%,56.2%,67.1%的3个强度间伐以及对照处理,通过植被群落调查,研究不同间伐强度后油松林生长及其林下植被发育。结果表明:油松林分经不同强度抚育间伐后单木胸径、树高、冠幅和生物量均显著高于对照,且随间伐强度增大而增加,但单位面积蓄积量随间伐强度增大而减小;弱度、中度间伐能够增加林下植物种类,提高林下植物丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数,但是强度间伐后林下植物种类并不会增多,此现象符合"中度干扰假说";林分经不同强度间伐后,林下植被优势种各异;随着间伐强度的增大,林下植被生物量增加。综上,合理的间伐能够促进林分生长及其林下植被发育,研究区选择56.2%左右的间伐强度最优。     

不同施肥山核桃林氮磷径流流失特征

通过设置径流小区试验,定位研究不同施肥条件下山核桃林氮磷径流流失特征。结果表明,随着施肥时间的推移,氮磷流失均呈现降低的趋势,氮磷流失以可溶态氮、磷为主,分别占总氮、总磷的79.43%～83.60%和47.65%～75.39%。山核桃专用肥的施用对氮磷养分流失起到了良好的调控作用,与常规施肥(氮、磷流失负荷分别为523.41,36.87g/hm2)相比,山核桃专用肥的撒施和沟施使氮、磷流失负荷分别下降了35.73%,32.37%和43.37%,38.46%,故山核桃专用肥料沟施能有效减少前期氮磷养分流失的风险。     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.