土壤中多环芳烃的微生物降解: 降解途径及其影响影子

Adverse effects on the environment and high persistence in the microbial degradation and environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are motivating interest. Many soil microorganisms can degrade PAHs and use various metabolic pathways to do so. However, both the physio-chemical characteristics of compounds as well as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils can drastically influence the degradation capacity of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation. Modern biological techniques have been widely used to promote the efficiency of microbial PAH-degradation and make the biodegradation metabolic pathways more clear. In this review microbial degradation of PAHs in soil is discussed, with emphasis placed on the main degradation pathways and the environmental factors affecting biodegradation.     

稻–虾共作模式对涝渍稻田土壤微生物群落多样性及 土壤肥力的影响

研究了稻–虾共作模式对涝渍稻田土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,稻–虾共作模式的土壤平均颜色变化率(AWCD值)在0~50 cm土层均高于中稻单作模式,其中在25~50 cm土层中土壤AWCD值达到显著差异。0~25 cm土层,相对于中稻单作模式,稻–虾共作模式的土壤微生物群落Mc Intosh指数显著增加,且其微生物对胺类和酸类的利用率显著提高;而25~50 cm土层,稻–虾共作模式的土壤微生物群落Shannon指数和Mc Intosh指数均显著高于中稻单作模式,其土壤微生物对糖类、醇类和酸类的利用率较中稻单作模式显著提高;主成分分析表明对碳源利用主成分起分异作用的碳源为糖类和酸类。稻–虾共作模式的土壤有机碳和全氮含量在25~50 cm土层显著低于中稻单作模式,其土壤有机碳和全氮含量较中稻单作模式分别下降了41.8%和34.8%,0~25 cm土层不同模式的土壤养分无显著差异。由上可知稻–虾共作模式提高了土壤微生物的活性以及群落功能多样性,尤其对底层土壤的影响尤为显著,但降低了底层土壤的有机碳和全氮含量。     

玉米芯的热解特性及气相产物的释放规律

为了全面掌握不同热解条件下玉米芯的热解特性及热解过程中气相产物随温度变化的释放规律,深刻理解玉米芯的热解行为及反应机理,该文采用热重-质谱联用技术对玉米芯进行了氮气气氛下的热解特性试验研究,对比研究了不同升温速率(5、10、20℃/min)、不同粒度(74、154、280、450μm)、不同气体流速(30、60、90 m L/min)等因素对玉米芯热解行为的影响,发现非等温失重过程可分为4个阶段:失水、预热解过渡、挥发分析出和炭化阶段。通过质谱分析研究了热解过程小分子气相产物(CO、CO2、CH4、O2、H2、H2O)的释放规律,并计算了挥发分释放指数。升温速率升高,热解反应越易进行;在粒度小于450μm范围内,试样热解的总失重率随粒度的增大而增加,而且颗粒越大,挥发分产物开始逸出的温度越低。粒度为154~450μm的试样的热解过程主要受颗粒内部热传递影响,而粒度154μm的试样的热解主要受内在反应动力学速率控制;随着气体流速升高,试样热解的总失重率和初始温度增大,但增幅很小,最大失重速率对应的温度也有向高温段移动的趋势。利用Coats-Redfern方法计算出玉米芯的热解动力学参数,说明玉米芯热解的挥发分析出阶段可用单段一级反应描述。该研究对于优化以玉米芯为原料的热化学转化工艺参数和提高燃料产物的产量与品质等具有重要意义,对于设计和开发高效的生物质能转化设备也可提供参考。     

覆盖与间作对亚热带丘陵区茶园土壤微生物量的影响

在亚热带丘陵区红壤幼龄茶园经过4年稻草覆盖及间作三叶草田间小区试验，对土壤剖面分析结果表明．稻草覆盖及间作三叶草均能明显增加土壤表层有机C、碱解N、有效P．增加土壤微生物量C、N、P。剖面中土壤有机C、微生物量C、全N、碱解N、土壤微生物量N、全P、有效P、微生物量P随深度的增加而递减。稻草覆盖影响到40cm土层左右，阃作白三叶草影响到20cm左右。0～20cm土层微生物量C／有机CT2〉T3〉T1，3个处理微生物量N／全N在1．02～2．74之间，微生物量P和全P比值在2．27～13．1之间。亚热带丘陵区红壤幼龄茶园土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳C、碱解N、微生物量N、有效P、微生物量P具有极显著的正相关关系（P〈0．01），与全N、全P呈显著的正相关关系（P〈0．05）。     

菜田土壤有效氮的动态研究

在田间条件下研究了种植莴苣和西葫芦对菜田土壤硝态氮、有机态氮和微生物量氮剖面动态的影响 ,结果表明 ,不同作物对土壤表层硝态氮、有机态氮和微生物量氮影响较大 ,表层有效氮在作物生长期间基本上处于耗竭状态 ;2 0～ 4 0cm土层土壤有效氮除硝态氮以外 ,受作物影响较小 ;而 4 0～ 60cm土层土壤各种形态氮基本不受作物影响     

Bacterial community structure in lake sediments of microcosms contaminated with nonylphenol

The impact of nonylphenol, an estrogenic degradation product of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, on the bacterial community structure in contaminated sediments of aquatic microcosms was investigated over a period of 20 weeks using a 16S rDNA-based molecular phylogenetic approach. All microcosms showeda strong seasonal fluctuation of the dominant as well as the active bacterial microflora independent of their degree of contamination with nonylphenol. These changes were correlated with the dynamic of the total organic carbon content (TOC), ranging from 4–39 g/kg sediment dry weight and the redox potential in the sediment. Even at the highest observed nonylphenol concentration (3.4 mg/kg sediment dry weight) the bacterial community structure was mostly unchanged.     

Organic matter status and the size, activity and metabolic diversity of the soil microbial community in the row and inter-row of sugarcane under burning and trash retention

The concentrations of organic C, labile organic fractions and the size and activity of the microbial community were measured to a depth of 30 cm below the plant row and at distances of 30 and 60 cm into the inter-row area under sugarcane under pre-harvest burning or green cane harvesting with retention of a crop residue (trash) mulch. Total root mass was similar under burning and trashing but under trashing there was a redistribution of roots towards the surface 0-10 cm in the inter-row space as roots proliferated beneath the trash mulch. Soil organic C content decreased in response to both increasing distance from the plant row (to a depth of 20 cm) and burning rather than trashing (to a depth of 10 cm). Declines in K₂SO₄-extractable C, light fraction C, microbial biomass C, basal respiration and aggregate stability in response to distance and burning were much more marked than those for organic C and occurred to a depth of 30 cm. Bulk density was greater under burnt than trashed sugarcane and was greater in the inter-row than row, particularly under burning. Heterotrophic functional diversity (measured by analysis of catabolic response profiles to 36 substrates) was also investigated. Principal component analysis of response profiles demonstrated that soils below the row and those under trashing at 30 cm out from this row were separated from the other soils on PC1 and the sample from the inter-row centre (60 cm out) under burning was separated from the others on PC2. Catabolic evenness was least for the latter soil. It was concluded that soil in the inter-row of burnt sugarcane receives few inputs of organic matter and that conversion to green cane harvesting with retention of a trash mulch greatly improves the organic matter, microbial and physical status of the inter-row soil.     

Short-term effects of olive mill waste water (OMW) on chemical and biochemical properties of a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Olive mill waste water (OMW), a by-product of the olive mill industry, is produced in large amounts in Mediterranean countries. Olive mill waste water contains a high organic load, substantial amounts of plant nutrients but also several compounds with recognized toxicity towards living organisms. Moreover, OMW may represent a low cost source of water. Thus, the use of OMW for soil fertigation is a valuable option for its disposal, provided that its impact on soil chemical and biochemical properties is established. Investigations were performed on the short-term influence of OMW on several chemical and biochemical properties of a soil from a continental semi-arid Mediterranean region (Morocco). The soil was amended with 0, 18 and 36 ml 100 g⁻¹ soil of OMW (corresponding to a field rate of 0, 40 and 80 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively) and changes in various functionally related properties such as microbial biomass, basal respiration, extractable C and N, and soil hydrolases and oxido-reductases activities were measured over time. The variations of the main physical and chemical properties as well as the residual phytotoxicity of OMW amended and non-amended soils as assessed by tomato seed germination tests were also monitored. Temporary and permanent changes in several chemical and biochemical soil properties occurred following OMW application, thus being these properties varied in sensitivity to the applied disturbance. A sudden increase of total organic C, extractable N and C, available P and extractable Mn and Fe contents were measured. Simultaneously, a rapid increase of soil respiration, dehydrogenase and urease activities and microbial biomass (at 14 day incubation) of OMW amended soils occurred. In contrast, the activities of phosphatase, β-glucosidase, nitrate reductase and diphenol oxidase decreased markedly. The soil became highly phytotoxic after OMW addition (large decline of soil germination capability), mainly at 80 m³ ha⁻¹ OMW. After 42 days' incubation, however, a complete recovery of the soil germination capability and a residual phytotoxicity of about 30% were observed with 40 and 80 m³ ha⁻¹ OMW, respectively. These findings indicate that the impact of OMW on soil properties was the result of opposite effects, depending on the relative amounts of beneficial and toxic organic and inorganic compounds present. The toxic compounds contained in OMW most likely counteracted the beneficial effect of organic substrates provided, which promoted the growth and activity of indigenous microorganisms.     

植茶年龄对茶园土壤微生物特性及酶活性的影响

分析了浙江省两个典型茶区土壤化学、微生物学性质以及酶活性。结果表明,茶园土壤的酸化程度随植茶年龄的增加而加重,土壤有效态N以NO-3 N为主。两茶区高龄茶园的土壤微生物量均很低,表明长期植茶形成的独特生态环境对微生物有抑制作用。两茶园土壤微生物代谢商(Rmic/Cmic)都较非茶园对照土壤低,并且随植茶年龄的增加,两者呈相似的变化趋势。土壤微生物商的变化可能与茶园土壤环境胁迫状况有关,低龄茶园的土壤微生物商(Cmic/Corg)高于非茶园对照土壤,也明显高于高龄茶园。土壤有机碳,全N ,有效P ,NH-4 N ,NO-3 N ,脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均随植茶年龄的增加而增加,而与土壤pH值呈相反的变化趋势     

Using lipid analysis and hyphal length to quantify AM and saprotrophic fungal abundance along a soil chronosequence

We evaluate the use of signature fatty acids and direct hyphal counts as tools to detect and quantify arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and saprotrophic fungal (SF) biomass in three Hawaiian soils along a natural soil fertility gradient. Phospholipids16:1ω5c and 18:2ω6,9c were used as an index of AM and saprotrophic fungal biomass, respectively. Both phospholipid analysis and hyphal length indicated that the biomass of AMF was greatest at the highest fertility site, and lowest where phosphorus limits plant growth. Saprotrophic fungal biomass did not vary. Hyphal length counts appeared to under-estimate SF abundance, while the phospholipid AMF:SF ratio was in line with expectations. This study indicates that phospholipids may be a valuable and reliable tool for studying the abundance, distribution, and interactions between AM and saprotrophic fungi in soil.