维生素C对虾类生长和健康调节作用研究进展

在集约化养殖条件下,确保虾类健康是养虾业可持续发展的关键.维生素C作为鱼虾类重要的营养和免疫调节物在水产业已得到广泛应用.国内外针对维生素C对虾类的影响已开展了诸多研究,主要集中在估计最大生长和免疫反应所需的最低维生素C需求,以及制定成本最低的饲料.但是,维生素C对虾类的健康调节作用和机制还需进一步研究.本文综述了维生...     

High Throughput Sequencing to Study the Effect of Chronic Renal Failure on the Diversity and Gene Function Prediction of Gut Microbiota in Dogs

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic renal failure(CRF) on the gut microbiota diversity and predict the gene function of the flora. A total of 30 2-year-old dogs were selected and randomly divided into the chronic renal failure model group (CRF, established by renal artery ligation), sham operation control group (Sham) and healthy control group (HCG). All animals were fed normally during the 56 days of test period. The serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine protein / creatinine ratio (UP/C) were detected regularly during the experiment. The effects of chronic renal failure on the structure, diversity and function of gut microbiota were analyzed according to the result of bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing from fresh feces collected without contamination. The flora markers index (FMI) was constructed based on the principal component Logistic regression analysis of different microbiota in CRF group to predict the development of chronic renal failure. The results showed that: 1) The levels of Scr, BUN and UP/C in CRF group from the start of the 28th day of the experiment were significantly higher than those of HCG group and Sham group (P<0.05), and significantly higher than that of the first day of CRF group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with those before chronic renal failure (CRF group at day 0 and 28), HCG group and Sham group, the Chao 1 diversity and Shannon diversity of gut microbiota in CRF group at day 56 were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria significantly increased and the number of Firmicutes significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) LEfSe analysis showed that 20 species were enriched in CRF group, mainly including Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Proteus and so on, and most of them had negative correlation with other intestinal bacteria. Functional prediction revealed that genes of those different species were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, sugar biosynthesis and metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism in CRF group. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of the FMI constructed with those species enriched was 0.788, which could be used as the intestinal microbial marker for CRF in dogs. In summary, chronic renal failure can reduce the diversity of intestinal microbiota, lead to the imbalance of bacterial structure and change of bacterial function. Moreover, the enriched gut microbiota in CRF group can be used as the intestinal microbial marker of CRF in dogs, and the best prediction effect can be obtained by FMI.     

紧实度对青贮玉米有氧稳定期发酵品质、微生物数量的效应研究

本研究旨在分析不同紧实度对全株玉米青贮有氧暴露期间发酵品质和微生物变化的影响,为生产实践选择适宜的青贮紧实度提供参考。以新饲玉10号青贮玉米为材料,发酵装料密度设计为5个梯度(350,400,500,600,700 kg/m³),发酵期为50 d,检测开窖后各紧实度处理第12,24,36,60,108 h青贮发酵品质和主要微生物的变化,并用多通道温度记录仪监测温度变化。结果表明,有氧暴露时间与紧实度的交互作用对pH、乳酸、乙酸和氨态氮含量以及乳酸菌、霉菌、酵母菌和好氧细菌数量产生极显著影响(P<0.01)。开窖108 h后,紧实度为600 kg/m³青贮饲料的乳酸菌数量最多,达到8.17 lg cfu/g FW,其pH值和氨态氮含量最低,霉菌和酵母菌数量最少,分别为5.38和7.72 lg cfu/g FW;且紧实度600 kg/m³有氧暴露后稳定的时间显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),达到100 h。通过综合评价,在有氧暴露后紧实度为600 kg/m³的全株玉米青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性最好,建议600 kg/m³为全株玉米最佳青贮紧实度。     

退化高寒草甸优势植物根际与非根际土壤养分及微生物量的分布特征

根际是一类特殊的微生态系统,对研究土壤与植物群落间的相互作用具有重要意义。本研究旨在探讨高寒草甸退化过程中根际与非根际土壤的养分和微生物量分布特征,以及优势植物根际养分富集的相关性和差异性。结果表明：不同退化程度条件下,根际土壤中微生物量碳、氮、磷和养分含量显著高于非根际土壤（P<0.05）,且随退化程度加剧呈逐渐下降趋势;随高寒草甸退化程度的加剧,根际微生物量的碳、氮、磷和养分均出现富集效应,其富集率表现为重度退化草地 > 中度退化草地 > 轻度退化草地 > 未退化草地;由相关分析可知,根际与非根际土壤中微生物量碳和微生物量氮与全磷、全氮和有机碳之间均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。综上所述,草地退化过程中土壤的有效养分和微生物量在植物根际存在富集和活化现象,这对于人们进一步认识和调控根际的养分循环具有重要意义。     

小檗碱对炎症性肠病肠道屏障的影响及其信号通路

小檗碱是传统中药黄连等植物的主要活性成分,具有抗菌消炎、调节机体免疫等作用,可改善由炎症性肠病(IBD)导致的肠道屏障损伤。小檗碱通过抑制Toll样受体(TLRs)/核转录因子κB(NF⁃κB)、Janus活化激酶(JAK)/信号转导与转录激活子(STAT)信号通路和激活胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF⁃1)/胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(IGFBPs)信号通路,缓解IBD引起的肠道机械屏障、化学屏障、免疫屏障和微生物屏障功能损伤。本文就小檗碱的来源及理化性质、IBD的病理特征、小檗碱对IBD肠道屏障的修复作用及其信号通路进行综述,以期为畜牧生产中保护动物肠道健康提供参考。     

Characterization of normal tidal breathing flow-volume loops for Thoroughbred horses

The purpose of this study was to characterize the normal equine tidal breathing flow-volume loop (TBFVL). The study was performed using 18 healthy Thoroughbred horses. TBFVLs constructed from data collected from resting horses had a typical biphasic inspiratory and expiratory phase. The interindividual variability of the indices used to describe TBFVLs was in the range 16–32%, which is comparable to the variability of other measures of equine pulmonary mechanics. The large variability of these data probably limits the value of resting TBFVL indices for detecting subclinical respiratory conditions in individual horses. Factor analysis of these data revealed that in excess of 90% of the variance of the initial response variables could be explained in terms of three common factors. Varimax rotation of these three common factors provided three subsequent factors that were readily identifiable as (1) a factor describing the time-volume relationships of TBFVLs, responsible for 81% of the total variance, (2) a factor explaining the expiratory portion of the TBFVL, explaining 12% of the variance, and (3) a factor describing the inspiratory portion of the loops, responsible for the remaining 7% of the variance. The analysis also provided standardized factor scoring coefficients for use in subsequent studies using similar experimental techniques.Abbreviations EF₂₅ expiratory flow at expiratory volume plus 25%V _E - EF₅₀ midtidal expiratory flow - f respiratory rate - IF₂₅ inspiratory flow at 25% of inspiratory volume - IF₅₀ midtidal inspiratory flow - MSA measure of sampling adequacy - PEF peak expiratory flow - PIF peak inspiratory flow - TBFVL tidal breathing flow-volume loop - T _E expiratory time - T _I inspiratory time - USPTM ultrasonic pneumotachometer - V _E expiratory volume - V _I inspiratory volume     

Effects of the ruminal comminution rate and microbial contamination of particles on accuracy of in situ estimates of ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of feedstuffs

Effects of considering the comminution rate (k_c) and the correction of microbial contamination (using ¹⁵N techniques) of particles in the rumen on estimates of ruminally undegraded fractions and their intestinal digestibility were examined generating composite samples (from rumen‐incubated residues) representative of the undegraded feed rumen outflow. The study used sunflower meal (SFM) and Italian ryegrass hay (RGH) and three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers fed with a 40:60 RGH to concentrate diet (75 g DM/kgBW^0.75). Transit studies up to the duodenum with Yb‐SFM and Eu‐RGH marked samples showed higher k_c values (/h) in SFM than in RGH (0.577 vs. 0.0892, p = 0.034), whereas similar values occurred for the rumen passage rate (k_p). Estimates of ruminally undegraded and intestinal digestibility of all tested fractions decreased when k_c was considered and also applying microbial correction. Thus, microbial uncorrected k_p‐based proportions of intestinal digested undegraded crude protein overestimated those corrected and k_c?k_p‐based by 39% in SFM (0.146 vs. 0.105) and 761% in RGH (0.373 vs. 0.0433). Results show that both k_c and microbial contamination correction should be considered to obtain accurate in situ estimates in grasses, whereas in protein concentrates not considering k_c is an important source of error.     

口蹄疫病毒2c基因的克隆及表达

从O型口蹄疫病毒China98株病毒材料中克隆到了非结构蛋白2C的基因，并成功地将该基因在大杆菌中进行了表达，为建立以基因工程产品为抗原，能区分人工免疫和自然感染动物的检疫方法提供也技术和材料条件。 sri     

The response of phospholipase C/protein kinase C and adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A pathways in porcine theca interna cells to opioid agonist FK 33-824

Opioids were found as factors affecting porcine ovarian steroidogenesis. The mechanism of opioid action, however, on porcine theca interna cells is completely unknown. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the possible involvement of two intracellular pathways, phospholipase C/protein kinase C and adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A, in opioid signal transduction in porcine theca cells treated with mu opioid receptor agonist, FK 33-824. Incubation of the cells for 4 h with FK 33-824 at the dose 1 nM resulted in decreases in inositol phosphate accumulation as well as androstenedione (A(4)), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E(2)) secretions. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, staurosporine (1-100 nM), D-sphingosine (10-500 nM), and PKCi (100-2000 nM), both added alone and together with the opioid agonist, depressed release of the steroid hormones. PKC activator, phorbol ester (PMA, 1-100 nM), used alone was without effect on theca cell steroidogenesis, but added in combination with FK 33-824 abolished inhibitory influence of the opioid on A(4), T, and E(2) output. The steroid hormone secretion by PKC-deficient theca cells was inhibited by the opioid agonist. FK 33-824 also suppressed PKC activity reducing [(3)H]PDBu specific binding to theca cells, whereas ionomycin (a positive control) increased labeled phorbol ester binding to the cells. In the next experiment, cAMP release from theca cells during 2 and 4 h incubations with FK 33-824 (1-100 nM), naloxone (10 microM; opioid receptor antagonist), and LH (100 ng/mL; a positive control) was examined. FK 33-824 at the dose 1 nM inhibited cAMP secretion during 2 h incubation, but had no effect during longer incubation. LH in a manner independent on incubation time multiplied cAMP release. Protein kinase A inhibitor, PKAi (100-2000 nM), alone and in combination with FK 33-824 (1 nM), inhibited A(4), T, and E(2) secretions by theca cells. PKA activator, 8BrcAMP (10-1000 microM), stimulated the steroid hormone release, but this stimulatory effect was diminished in the presence of FK 33-824. The results allow to suggest that opioid peptides affect porcine theca cell steroidogenesis and their acute action on the cells is connected with the inhibition of phospholipase C/protein kinase C and adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A signal transduction systems.     

泰乐菌素组份转化机制的研究

泰乐菌素发酵过程中,ＰＨ值的控制及豆油的补加量对组份的转化存在显著影响。研究结果表明,在转化阶段当ＰＨ值控制在适当范围内,对不菌素效价影响不大,但可大大提高泰乐菌素Ａ的含量;同时在发酵中期及转化前这一阶段补加适量豆油,不仅可使效价逐步提高,还中明显促进大菌Ｃ向泰乐菌素Ａ的转化。