Evaluation of β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucans and High-M alginate used as immunostimulatory dietary supplement during first feeding and weaning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Stimulation of the non-specific defence enhances the disease resistance and growth, and has good potentials as a measure for increased microbial control in juvenile production of marine fish and shellfish. So far, the most commonly used immunostimulants are β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucans, and in this study the stimulatory potential of a β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucan of marine origin, the storage polysaccharide from the marine diatom Chaetoceros mülleri, was examined. The glucan (chrysolaminaran) was extracted from cultures of C. mülleri, and used as a dietary supplement in two first feeding experiments with larvae of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. In one experiment the microalgal glucan was compared to the commercial yeast-glucan product MacroGard®, and in the other to an alginate with a high content of mannuronic acid (High-M alginate) isolated from Durvillaea antarctica. The stimulants were given via rotifers, and weaning to formulated feed was initiated at day 17 or 18 after hatching. The survival ± SEM at day 27 after hatching was 24.5 ± 2.0%, 14.8 ± 4.5% and 13.1 ± 1.4% for the groups fed C. mülleri-glucan, yeast glucan and for the control, respectively, in the first experiment. The group fed C. mülleri-glucan group had higher survival compared to the control (P < 0.05) group, whereas the yeast glucan had no positive effect on the survival (p > 0.05). The dry weights of the groups at day 27 were low, with 203.2 ± 52.2, 165.2 ± 43.4 and 198.5 ± 58.1 μg per larva for the C. mülleri-glucan, yeast glucan and control groups, respectively. In the second experiment the survival in the period of feeding formulated feed (days 18-30) were 44.6 ± 4.3%, 44.7 ± 1.3%, and 33.8 ± 4.1% survival for the C. mülleri-glucan, High-M alginate and control group, respectively. The cod larvae fed C. mülleri-glucan reached an average weight of 531.6 ± 17.2 μg at day 30, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group that had an average of 473.6 ± 3.5 μg. The larvae fed High-M alginate had an average weight of 470.3 ± 31.6 μg per larva at day 30, and not significantly different from the control (p > 0.05). The early weaning to formulated diet had detrimental effect on the growth of the larvae. In both experiments the C. mülleri-glucan group was the only group showing a positive growth rate in the period of weaning to dry feed. The microbial conditions in larval gut and water were monitored with respect to total colony forming units on Marine agar, and Vibrio- and Pseudomonas-like species on selective agars (TCBS and marine Pseudomonas Agar with CFC-supplement). The larvae were rapidly colonised after hatching, but no or weak effects of the stimulants were observed on the colonisation rates or the composition. The total CFU varied from 10¹ to 10² CFU per μg larva after initiation of the first feeding. The percentages of Pseudomonas-like bacteria increased throughout the period, whereas the levels of Vibrio-like bacteria were low and stable. The chrysolaminaran from the diatom C. mülleri was shown to be a promising candidate for use as an immunostimulatory feed additive, and which should be further explored.     

陈香茶菌及枯草芽孢杆菌复合发酵豆粕的研究

本试验旨在研究陈香茶菌及枯草芽孢杆菌复合发酵生料豆粕。以酸溶性蛋白含量为主要检测指标,研究陈香茶菌及枯草芽孢杆菌不同培养条件对豆粕固态发酵的影响。结果表明:1)陈香茶菌适宜培养条件为,称取0.5 g陈香茶粉接入装有100 m L马铃薯葡萄糖培养基三角瓶中,28℃静置培养24 h。2)豆粕固态发酵最佳工艺为,10%枯草芽孢杆菌发酵液+10%陈香茶菌培养液+10%糖蜜+10%水+55%豆粕,在37℃密闭条件下培养3~6 d。通过陈香茶菌及枯草芽孢杆菌复合发酵,能显著改善生料豆粕营养价值,有一定的应用价值。     

Spatiotemporal distribution of floral resources in a Brazilian city: Implications for the maintenance of pollinators,especially bees

Cities provide resources for the animals that live in them or their surroundings. There has been an increase in the number of ecological studies in urban areas, including interactions between plants and bees. Bees are pollinators that provide a vital ecosystem service to crops and wild plants. We assessed plant community structure in the campus of Universidade de São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, included in the neotropical Atlantic Forest biome, focusing on floristic composition, pollination syndromes, flowering phenology, and spatiotemporal distribution of floral resources for bees. Currently, the city is surrounded by sugar cane plantations. Once a month, from April 2011 to March 2012, we sampled plant species and individuals in bloom in an area with 500 m radius from the bee-rearing facilities of Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), totaling 78 hectares. We sampled 289 plant species of 73 families; Leguminosae was the richest family. Plants pollinated by bees predominated (67%), followed by plants pollinated by hummingbirds (18%). Melittophilous species flowered throughout the year and, hence, food availability for bees was continuous. The flowering of plant individuals that provided pollen, nectar, and floral oil was seasonal in all vegetation (except for nectar in shrubs), with peaks in resource availability in the transition from the dry to the rainy season, and also in the rainy season. Our results show that the campus is able to maintain bee populations amid a monoculture matrix, acting as a refuge. In addition, it provides a list of several attractive native plants to different pollinator groups, coupled with a phenogram, that can be used in the design and planning of urban areas.     

软包装即食醉鱼制品细菌学品质安全分析

对上海市场常见品牌的软包装即食醉鱼制品感官、理化、细菌学品质状况进行定性和定量研究,并对潜在病原菌安全性进行评价。结果表明,产品水分含量、水分活度、pH和盐分含量分别为43.50%~56.97%,0.93~0.97,6.07~6.73,2.41%~6.63%,差别较大;细菌菌落总数、耐热菌落总数分别是1.8×102~4.2×105cfu/g,38~3 800 cfu/g;厌氧菌落总数和金黄色葡萄球菌均低于10 cfu/g。由细菌总数计数平板分离256株细菌,鉴定残存主要细菌菌群为芽孢杆菌(34.0%)、葡萄球菌(27.3%)、玫瑰小球菌(14.0%),并出现少量的棒状杆菌(5.5%),表明热杀菌强度不足。产品中残存有一定数量的蜡样芽孢杆菌,对其潜在危害有待进一步研究。     

福建省野生豆科植物资源及植物生态地理区系分析

对福建省野生豆科植物资源调查表明,福建省野生豆科植物有233种80属(包括变种、亚种),其中单种属、2～4种属居多并占绝对优势,分别占总属数的47.50%和30.50%。对福建省野生豆科植物资源生态地理区系分析表明,植物区系成分在属、种的水平上有13个类型,4个亚型,植物区系特征在属的水平上以热带成分为主,其中热带分布属有53属,占总属数的68.83%,可见本区系属的热带成分占明显优势,具有明显的热带性质。在种的水平上以泛热带分布类型占较大比例,其他多种分布类型并存,表现为丰富的物种多样性特征。     

发现于宁波的浙江归化植物新记录

报道了发现于浙江宁波的3种浙江归化植物新记录,分别是匍匐大戟Euphorbia prostrata（大戟科Euphor-biaceae）,欧洲千里光Senecio vulgaris（菊科Compositae）,粗糙飞蓬DigeroTt strigoSUS（菊科）。     

陕西牛背梁自然保护区蕨类植物区系研究

据调查统计,牛背梁自然保护区共有蕨类植物23科45属82种。保护区蕨类植物区系基本特征是:种类较丰富,优势类群明显;地理成分多样,温带性质显著。     

海南石灰岩地区的种子植物区系

【目的】了解海南石灰岩地区种子植物区系组成、性质等基本特征.【方法】野外实地调查、标本采集与鉴定,数据统计分析.【结果和结论】海南石灰岩地区现共记录种子植物1 176种58变种1变型,隶属于142科645属,其中裸子植物5科5属7种,被子植物137科640属1 169种58变种1变型.具有明显的热带性质,以热带、亚热带成分尤其是热带亚洲成分为主,热带、亚热带成分分别占总科数和总属数的73.24%和87.75%;温带成分在海南石灰岩地区得到一定的发展,温带性质科占总科数的11.97%,属占总属数的7.29%.该地区物种丰富,以占不到全岛2%的面积,分布高达27.26%的种类,但属内种类较为贫乏,以单种科和寡种科为主,共计113科,占总科数的79.58%;中国特有属有2属.     

混合益生菌对仔猪生长及肠道菌群的影响

选用50头体重相近的三元杂交断奶健康仔猪,随机分为5组:对照组全程饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮;试验1、2、3、4组在试验第1天到第28天分别饲喂基础日粮+蜡样芽孢杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌和戊糖乳杆菌(质量比为1∶1∶1、1∶2∶1、2∶1∶2、1∶1∶2)的混合益生菌制剂,在第29天到第42天饲喂基础日粮。饲喂28 d后计算各组仔猪日增重、料重比、腹泻率。结果表明:4个试验组仔猪的日增重均高于对照组,料重比均低于对照组,腹泻率均显著低于对照组;试验1、3组仔猪的日增重显著高于对照组,且试验1组仔猪的日增重又稍高于试验3组;试验1、3组仔猪的料重比显著低于对照组,而试验1组仔猪的料重比又稍低于试验3组;试验1组和3组仔猪的腹泻率相同,且低于试验2组和4组,表明4种比例混合的益生菌制剂均能促进仔猪生长,且以质量比1∶1∶1、2∶1∶2混合的益生菌制剂促进仔猪生长的效果较好;对试验1组和对照组仔猪在试验0、7、14、21、28、42 d肠道内菌群的定量PCR结果表明,试验1组仔猪肠道内蜡样芽孢杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌数量在饲喂益生菌制剂期间呈现一致的变化趋势,即先上升后下降,再上升,而对照组3种菌的变化趋势不一致;在停喂益生菌制剂2周后,3种益生菌仍呈规律变化,表明饲喂益生菌制剂能够调节仔猪肠道相应菌群的生长;对仔猪肠道粪样菌群的16SrDNA的特异序列的进行变性梯度凝胶电泳及抠胶测序的结果表明,仔猪在饲喂益生菌制剂7 d后,肠道蜡样芽孢杆菌、肠球菌、链球菌、双歧杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、大肠杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌菌群数量均下降,到第28天时,各种菌群数量均上升,表明饲喂益生菌制剂不仅能调节仔猪肠道相应益生菌的生长,还能调节肠道肠球菌、链球菌、大肠杆菌与双歧杆菌的生长。